Read each question carefully and then select the best answer.
1
_______ refers to all of the characteristics of a person.
2
At approximately what age does rudimentary self-understanding (self-recognition) first take place?
3
Preschoolers most often describe themselves in terms of their:
4
Lauren is 4 years old. What would Lauren MOST likely say if you asked her to describe who she is?
5
Jaymon is a third-grader and has been asked by his teacher to describe himself. What is the MOST likely description Jaymon will give?
6
The ability to understand another person's thoughts and feelings is:
7
In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are MORE likely than children in early childhood to:
8
Which of the following terms refers to self-evaluations in the different domains of an individual's life?
9
If researchers measure an individual's self-concept at age 10, 20, 30, and 40, where are they likely to find the MOST self-concept stability?
10
Erikson believed that elderly adults use their impending death as a motivation to look back and evaluate their life. This form of retrospection is what many theorists call:
11
Which is the LEAST likely outcome of life review?
12
Angela has been told that she is high in self-regulation. If this is true, we would expect Angela to:
13
Compared with earlier periods, adolescence is a time of:
14
According to Baltes, successful aging is based on selection, optimization, and:
15
Self-esteem is to _______ self-evaluation as self-concept is to _______ self-evaluation.
16
Susan Harter believes that the best way to enhance a child's sense of self-esteem is to:
17
Peter and Lynette want to help their daughter develop high self-esteem. They should teacher her to:
18
Authoritarian parents who have a lot of rules that restrict their children's behavior tend to move children toward:
19
What does a child get from peers that he or she typically cannot get from siblings?
20
As children transition from elementary school to middle school, their self-esteem:
21
The adolescent identity crisis refers to a period:
22
According to Erikson, what must individuals achieve before they can develop intimacy?
23
According to the contemporary view of identity development, your sense of identity is determined:
24
Ramona's parents have decided that she will enroll in the state college near their hometown. Ramona hasn't given much thought to the issue and will probably do what they advise. According to psychologist James Marcia, accepting her parents' advice will put Ramona into:
25
Ramon considered attending a technical college, but also wondered about the value of getting a bachelor's degree from a university. He finally decided to attend the technical college but still wonders if his choice was correct. According to James Marcia, Ramon is in a state of:
26
Researchers believe that adolescents who develop the most positive sense of identity are ones who:
27
Jason was confused about whether to propose to his girlfriend. After he proposed, he felt great and knew he had done the right thing. As the wedding date approached, however, he was overcome with doubt. He considered calling off the wedding but did not. Today he is happily married and glad he made his decision. Jason's experience is an example of:
28
The term that James Marcia uses to refer to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do is:
29
Asked whether they ever had doubts about their religion, four students gave the following answers. Which of these students has arrived at identity achievement?
30
Autocratic parents are most likely to have adolescents experiencing identity:
31
According to Cooper and Grotevant (1989), both _______ and _______ are important in the adolescent's identity development.
32
Most ethnic minority individuals first consciously confront their ethnicity in:
33
A contemporary criticism of Freud's developmental theory is that:
34
Jennifer believes that each individual follows a unique path toward the development of personality and that one's personality is constantly changing across the life span. Her views are most similar to:
35
35 Behavioral theories suggest that personality is:
36
Which type of personality theories stress the person's capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose one's own destiny, and positive qualities?
37
Which of the following is one of Costa and McCrae's "big five" personality traits?
38
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae determined that the "big five" personality factors:
39
Evidence from an accumulation of studies indicates that the midlife crisis is:
40
Hyun-Joo experiences great satisfaction through nurturing, guiding, and teaching skills to her children. According to Erik Erikson, Hyun-Joo is dealing successfully with which psychological task?
41
Stage theories of adult development have been criticized for:
42
Regarding age changes in personality, Bernice Neugarten in the Kansas City Study found that:
What is a characteristic of self esteem during middle childhood?
Children in middle childhood have a more realistic sense of self than do those in early childhood. Their self-descriptions are no longer focused on the physical and they have a sense of themselves as individuals with personalities and skills that exist within a social context.
How does level of self esteem typically change during middle childhood?
Age: Self-esteem tends to grow steadily until middle school when the transition of moving from the familiar environment of elementary school to a new setting confronts children with new demands. Self-esteem either continues to grow after this period or begins to decrease.
What is a development change in emotion that occurs during middle late childhood?
Middle and late childhood
With the increased capacity for self-reflection, children gain an understanding of their self-conscious emotions. As a result, the consistent experience of patterns of self-conscious emotions has an impact on the child's self-concept.
How old are children when they begin to include emotions and attitudes in their self
Although young children mainly describe themselves in terms of concrete, observable features and action tendencies, at about 4 to 5 years of age, as they hear others use psychological trait and emotion terms, they begin to include these in their own self-descriptions (Thompson, 2006).