Asthma
CDC systematic review [K]
Bronchiectasis
CDC systematic review [A]
Cancer
Meta-Analysis/ Systematic Review [1-5]
Cohort Study [6-8]
Case Series [9-11]
Case Control Study [12]
Cerebrovascular disease
Meta-Analysis [13-16]
Synthesis of Evidence [17]
Cohort Study [18-20]
Chronic kidney disease
Meta-Analysis [16,21]
Cohort Studies [19,22-43], [44]*
Case Series [45-47]
Chronic liver disease (cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis)
CDC systematic review [B]
COPD
CDC systematic review [L]
Cystic fibrosis
CDC systematic review [M]
Diabetes mellitus, type 1
Meta-Analysis [87]
Case Series [46]
Cohort Study [18,88-93]
Diabetes mellitus, type 2
Meta-Analysis [94]
Systematic Review [95]*
Gestational Diabetes Systematic Review [96] *
Case Series [46]
Longitudinal Study [97]
Cohort Study [87,91,97-102]
Disabilities, including Down Syndrome
CDC systematic review [C]
HIV
Meta-Analysis/ Systematic Review [103]
Cohort Study [35,104-106]
Case Series [107-109]
Heart conditions (such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, or cardiomyopathies)
Meta-Analysis [110-112]
Cohort Study [18,19]
Interstitial lung disease
CDC systematic review [D]
Mental health conditions (such as mood disorders, including depression, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders)
Meta-analysis/ systematic review [117,118]
Neurologic conditions (Dementia)
Meta-Analysis/ Systematic Review [119-122]
Cross-Sectional Study [123]
Cohort Study [19,124]
Obesity
Meta-Analysis [125-127]
Systematic Review [95]*
Cohort [27,128-136], [44,137-140]*
Physical Inactivity
CDC systematic review [E]
Pregnancy and Recent Pregnancy
Meta-Analysis/ Systematic Review [95,141]
Case Control [142,143]
Case Series [144-146]
Cohort Study [147-150]
Primary Immunodeficiencies
CDC systematic review [F]
Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary embolism
CDC systematic review [G]
Smoking, current and former
Meta-Analysis [78,111,151-158]
Solid organ or blood stem cell transplantation
Meta-Analysis [134]
Case Series [159-170]
Cohort [171-174]
Tuberculosis
CDC systematic review [H]
Use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications
Meta-Analysis/ Systematic Review [175]
Cohort Study [176]
Cross-Sectional [177]
Case Series [178-180]
Cancer
Having cancer can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19. Treatments for many types of cancer can weaken your body’s ability to fight off disease. At this time, based on available studies, having a history of cancer may increase your risk.
Get more information:
- Cancer
- COVID-19: What People with Cancer Should Know – National Cancer Institute
Chronic kidney disease
Having chronic kidney disease of any stage can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- Chronic kidney disease
- National Kidney Foundation: Kidney disease and COVID-19
Chronic liver disease
Having chronic liver disease can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19. Chronic liver disease can include alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, and cirrhosis (or scarring of the liver).
Get more information:
- Liver Disease
- American Liver Foundation: Your Liver & COVID-19
Chronic lung diseases
Having a chronic lung disease can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19. Chronic lung diseases can include:
- Asthma, if it’s moderate to severe
- Bronchiectasis (thickening of the lungs’ airways)
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (chronic lung disease affecting newborns)
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including emphysema and chronic bronchitis
- Having damaged or scarred lung tissue known as interstitial lung disease (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)
- Pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs)
- Pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs)
Get more information:
- COPD
- Asthma
- People with Moderate to Severe Asthma
- American Lung Association: Controlling Chronic Lung Diseases Amid COVID-19
Cystic fibrosis
Having cystic fibrosis, with or without lung or other solid organ transplant (like kidney, liver, intestines, heart, and pancreas) can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- Cystic fibrosis
- CF and Coronavirus (COVID-19) | Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (cff.org)
Dementia or other neurological conditions
Having neurological conditions, such as dementia, can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- Dementia
- Alzheimer’s Association: COVID-19, Alzheimer’s and Dementia
Diabetes (type 1 or type 2)
Having either type 1 or type 2 diabetes can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- Diabetes
- American Diabetes Association: How COVID-19 Impacts People with Diabetes
Disabilities
People with some types of disabilities may be more likely to get very sick from COVID-19 because of underlying medical conditions, living in congregate settings, or systemic health and social inequities, including:
- People with any type of disability that makes it more difficult to do certain activities or interact with the world around them, including people who need help with self-care or daily activities
- People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- People with cerebral palsy
- People with birth defects
- People with intellectual and developmental disabilities
- People with learning disabilities
- People with spinal cord injuries
- People with Down syndrome
Get more information:
- People with Disabilities | COVID-19
Heart conditions
Having heart conditions such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathies, and possibly high blood pressure (hypertension) can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- Heart Disease
- American Heart Association: COVID-19
- NHLBI Information & Resources on COVID-19
HIV infection
Having HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- HIV Infection
- Interim Guidance for COVID-19 and Persons with HIV
Immunocompromised condition or weakened immune system
Some people are immunocompromised or have a weakened immune system because of a medical condition or a treatment for a condition. This includes people who have cancer and are on chemotherapy, or who have had a solid organ transplant, like a kidney transplant or heart transplant, and are taking medication to keep their transplant. Other people have to use certain types of medicines for a long time, like corticosteroids, that weaken their immune system. Such long-term uses can lead to secondary or acquired immunodeficiency. Other people have a weakened immune system because of a life-long condition. For example, some people inherit problems with their immune system. One example is called Primary immunodeficiency. Being immunocompromised can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19 or be sick for a longer period of time.
People who are immunocompromised or are taking medicines that weaken their immune system may not be protected even if they are up to date on their vaccines. Talk with your healthcare provider about wearing a mask in a medium COVID-19 Community Level and what additional precautions may be necessary in medium or high COVID-19 Community Levels.
Get more information:
- Types of Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases
- Jeffrey Modell Foundation
- Immune Deficiency Foundation
- Primary Immunodeficiency (PI)
Mental health conditions
Having mood disorders, including depression, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Shareable Resources on Coping with COVID-19
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Depression
- Mood Disorders
Overweight and obesity
Overweight (defined as a body mass index (BMI) is 25 kg/m2 or higher, but under 30 kg/m2), obesity (BMI is 30 kg/m2 or higher, but under 40 kg/m2), or severe obesity (BMI is 40 kg/m2 or higher), can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19. The risk of severe illness from COVID-19 increases sharply with higher BMI.
Get more information:
- Overweight & Obesity
- Obesity, Race/Ethnicity, and COVID-19
- Obesity Action Coalition: COVID-19 and Obesity
Physical inactivity
People who do little or no physical activity are more likely to get very sick from COVID-19 than those who are physically active. Being physically active is important to being healthy. Get more information on physical activity and health, physical activity recommendations, how to become more active, and how to create activity-friendly communities:
- Physical Activity
- Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition
- Move Your Way®
- Active People, Healthy Nation SM: Strategies to Increase Physical Activity
- National Center on Health, Physical Activity and Disability – Building Healthy Inclusive Communities
Pregnancy
Pregnant and recently pregnant people (for at least 42 days following end of pregnancy) are more likely to get very sick from COVID-19 compared with non-pregnant people.
Get more information:
- Pregnant and Recently Pregnant People
- Toolkit for Pregnant People and New Parents
- Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 during Pregnancy
Sickle cell disease or thalassemia
Having hemoglobin blood disorders like sickle cell disease or thalassemia (inherited red blood cell disorders) can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Thalassemia
Smoking, current or former
Being a current or former cigarette smoker can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19. If you currently smoke, quit. If you used to smoke, don’t start again. If you’ve never smoked, don’t start.
Get more information:
- Smoking & Tobacco Use
- Tips From Former Smokers
- Health Benefits of Quitting Smoking
Solid organ or blood stem cell transplant
Having had a solid organ or blood stem cell transplant, which includes bone marrow transplants, can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- Transplant Safety
- COVID-19 Resources for Transplant Community
Stroke or cerebrovascular disease
Having cerebrovascular disease, such as having a stroke which affects blood flow to the brain, can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- Stroke
- COVID19 Stroke Podcast Series for Patients and Caregivers
Substance use disorders
Having a substance use disorder (such as alcohol, opioid, or cocaine use disorder) can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- How to Recognize a Substance Use Disorder
- Drug Overdose
Tuberculosis
Having tuberculosis (TB) can make you more likely to get very sick from COVID-19.
Get more information:
- Basic TB Facts
- Public Health Emergencies