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L-Spine, Sacrum, and Coccyx
Which projection will best demonstrate spondylolisthesis? | Lateral position |
Where is the Xiphoid Process? | T9 and T10 |
Where is the Costal Margin? | L2 and L3 |
Where is the Iliac Crest? | L4 and L5 |
Where is the ASIS? | S1 and S2 |
Which projections are used after a spinal fusion surgery? | R/L bending. (Hypertension/Hyperflexion) |
Who is the Sacrum angled more posteriorly on? | Female |
How do you tell if a patient is over/under rotated on an oblique L-Spine? | Over- If the Pedicle is located posteriorly. Under- If the Pedicle is located anteriorly. |
What is the body rotation, CR angle, and placement for oblique SI joints? | Body rotated- 25 to 30 degrees. CR angle- No angle. Placement- Direct CR 1in medially to upside ASIS. |
Which side is built up (With a block of wood) on the second position for the Ferguson? | The side with a convex curve |
Which position for SI joints will best demonstrate the left joint? | RPO |
How do you correct for superimposition of the coccyx on the symphasis pubis? | Increase Cauded CR angle from 10 to 15 degrees |
What is the CR angle, placement, and centering for AP coccyx? | Angle 10 degrees cauded. Direct CR 2 in above pubis. |
What is the CR angle, placement, and centering for AP Sacrum? | CR is 15 degree cephalad. Direct CR 2 in above pubis. |
If a patient has Scoliosis which side should be down? | The convex side of the spine. |
How do you demonstrate the lower portion of the SI joints on an oblique position? | Angle 15 to 20 degrees cephalad |
What are the CR angles for AP Axial L5-S1 position? | Males- 30 degrees cephalad Females- 35 degrees cephalad |
Can AEC sensors be used on a lateral L5-S1 position? | Yes |
Where does the CR need to be parallel to on a lateral L5-S1 position? | Parallel to the Interiliac Plane |
How much bone loss needs to happen in order for conventional radiography to detect it? | 30% |
What term is interchangeable with the term zygapophyseal joint? | Facet |
What is the largest vertebral body? | Lumbar vertebral body |
What is the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes? | Pars Interarticularis |
What two structures of the Sacrum form the Zygapophyseal joints? | The two superior articular processes |
What is the first sacral opening that contains certain sacral nerves? | Sacral canal |
How many coccygeal segments are fused on an adult coccyx? | 3-5 (Average of four) |
Is the CR Sacrum angle, angled more cephalad for women or men? | Women |
What angle is used to demonstrate the intervertebral foramina for a lateral L spine? | 90 degrees |
What angle is used for Oblique Zygapophyseal joints? | 45 degrees |
Zygapophyseal joints (Posterior obliques)downside- | RPO-Right joints LPO-Left joints |
Zygapophyseal joints (Anterior obliques)Upside- | RAO-Left joints LAO-Right joints |
What joint classification of L-spines are Zygapophyseal joints? | Synovial, Diarthrodial, and plane or gliding |
What joint classification of L-spines are Intervertebral joints? | Cartilaginous, Amphiarthrodial (Slightly movable) |
For an AP projection of the L-spine, should the knees be flexed? | Yes |
Computed Tomography (CT) | The presence and extent of fractures, disk disease, and neoplastic disease. |
Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) | Soft tissue structures of the lumbar spine |
Nuclear Medicine | Detection of skeletal pathologic process |
Bone Densitometry | Hyperparathyroidism estrogen deficiency, advancing age, and lifestyle factors |
Myelography | Requires injection of contrast medium to visualize the soft tissue structures of the spinal canal. |
Ankylosing Spondylitis | Begins in the sacroiliac joints and progresses up the vertebral column |
Compression Fractures | The superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body are driven together producing a wedged shaped vertebrae |
Chance Fractures | Result from a Hyperflexion force that causes fracture through the vertebral body and posterior elements |
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP) | also commonly known as a Herniated Lumbar Disk (Slipped Disk) is usually due to trauma or improper lifting |
Lordosis | Describes the normal concave curvature of the lumbar spine and an abnormal or exaggerated concave lumbar curvature |
Scoliosis | Lateral curvature of the vertebral column |
Spina Bifida | a congenital condition in which the posterior aspects of the vertebrae fail to develop, thus exposing part of the spinal cord |
Spondylolisthesis | involves the forward movement of one vertebrae in relation to another |
Spondylolysis | the dislocation of a vertebrae. |
What angle Is used to visualize a L1-L2 vertebrae? | 50 degrees |
What angle is used to visualize the L3-L4 vertebrae? | 45 degrees |
What angle is used to visualize the L5-S1 vertebrae? | 30 degrees |
What is the average degree of rotation required to demonstrate the L3 l4 Zygapophyseal?
The average degree of rotation required to demonstrate the L3-4 zygapophyseal joints is: a. 50°.
What type of joint movement occurs with the Zygapophyseal joints?
The zygapophyseal joint is structurally classified as a plane synovial joint. Functionally, it behaves as a uniplanar diarthosis, allowing nonaxial movements in one plane (translation).
What CR angulation should be used for an AP axial projection of the L5 S1 joint space on a male patient?
Lumbar spine, Sacrum, and Coccyx.
Which position of the lumbar spine best demonstrates the Zygapophyseal joints?
Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Joints and Foramina Positioning.