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Abstract :
The Sport Fan Motivation Scale (SFMS) is an instrument designed to measure eight different motives of sport fans (eustress, self-esteem, escape, entertainment, economic, aesthetic, group affiliation, and family). Warm (1995) presented preliminary evidence that the SFMS is a reliable and valid assessment tool. The current set of three studies was designed to expand on the Wann (1995) research. Study 1 was intended to test the factor structure of the SFMS using a sample that was more heterogeneous than previous samples. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the integrity of the factor structure remained. Study 2 investigated the relationship between preferences for a specific type of sport (i.e., individual versus team and aggressive versus nonaggressive) and scores on the SFMS subscales. As expected, participants with a preference for an individual sport reported higher levels of aesthetic motivation than persons with a preference for a team sport, while persons with a preference for a team sport had higher scores on the eustress and self-esteem subscales. Also consistent with predictions, persons with a preference for a nonaggressive sport reported higher levels of aesthetic motivation than individuals with a preference for an aggressive sport, while those with a preference for an aggressive sport scored higher on the economic subscale. Study 3 tested and supported the hypothesis that individuals with intrinsic athletic motivation tend to be intrinsically motivated as fans, while persons with extrinsic athletic motivation tend to be extrinsically motivated as fans. General discussion centers on gender differences in SFMS scores and the relationship between SFMS scores and the degree that an individual is a sport fan.
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Copyright: COPYRIGHT 1999 University of South Alabama
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Gale Document Number: GALE|A54194991
factors affecting attendance according to Ferrieria and Armstrong
popularity of sport, game attractiveness, free offerings and promotion, pregame and ingame entertainment, physical contact, convenience and accesibility, facility, and cost
weather and parking, ticket cost, promtional events, team success, attributions for team success, and presence of star players
other factors influencing attendance
process of understanding why fans attend sporting events
Trails attendance influencing factors
vicarious achuievement, acquisition of knowledge, aesthetics, social interaction, drama/excitement, escape, family, physical attractiveness of participants, quality of physical skille
self-esteem enhancement, diversion from everyday life, entertainment values, eustress, economic value, aesthetic value, need for affiliation, and family ties
fans feel accomplishment when their favorite teams or player are winning
What are the three atecedent conditions related to BIRGing?
expectancy disconfirmation, team identifcation, and quality of opponent
cutting off reflected failure
Cutting off reflected success, winning and negative
Diversion from everyday life
Watching sports is seen as a means of getting away from it all
uncertainty of sporting events drams and excitment
positive levels of arousal, stimulation to senses, "Gentlemen, start your engines!"
gambling on sporting events
sporting events is a means for fostering family togetherness
Game attractiveness (Def.)
Perceived attractiveness for each game; a situational factor that varies from game to game and week to week
Ex) opposing/home team quality, strategy displayed, athleticism, skills displayed
controled (ticket prices) and uncontrolled (average income)
tv, radio, internet vs live events
-age -race -ethnicity -location occupation
Physical surroundings of the stadium that impact spectator's desire to stay at the stadium and ultimately return
availability of parking, ease of entering and exiting the park, location of parking relative to the stadium
Refers to the exterior and interior appearance of the stadium
Specific interior design consideration that represents a separate dimension of sportscape; focal point of the interior
Believed to have a negative influence on a spectator's pleasure
The perceived comfort of the seating and spacing of seats relative to each other
Whether spectators can move freely about the stadium
provides information or directions for customers
Amount of room for attendees to move about the facility
8 value dimensions to sport to the community
1. community solidarity
2. public behavior
3. pastime ectasy
4. excellence pursuit
5. social
equity
6. health awareness
7. individual quality
8. business opportunity
* A value of sport to the community
Sport enhances the image of the community and community harmony, generates a sense of belong and helps people feel proud
encourages sportsmanship, reinforces positive citizenship, encorages obedience to authority, and nurtures positive morality
* A value of sport to the community
Sport provides entertainment and brings excitement
sport encourages achievement and success, hard work, and risk taking
sport increases racial and class equality and promotes gender equality
sport eliminates drug abuse, encourages exercise, and promotes active lifestyle
sport promotes character building and encourages competitive traits
increases community commerical activities, attracts tourists, and helps community economic development
perceived interest of sports
- The personal commitment and emotional involvement customers have with sport organization
- Enhanced long-term loyalty in sport fans
- Sponsorship opportunities resulting from ability to tap into strong emotional connection between a fan and his or her sport team
Fans that attend games for social interaction/entertainment benefit
Fans that identify with team or player but only for a limited time
Long-term commitment to sport, team or player
small increases may produce great fluctuations in demand for tickets
managerial benefits: decreased performance outcome sensitivity
fans that are vested will be more tolerant of poor seasons