How are mental images and concepts involved in the process of thinking?
Thinking (cognition) is mental activity that occurs in the brain when information is being organized, stored, communicated, or processed. Mental images represent objects or events and have a picture-like quality. Concepts are ideas that represent a class or category of events, objects, or activities. Prototypes are examples of a concept that more closely match the defining characteristics of that concept. Thinking (cognition) is the mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others. Mental images are mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality. Concepts are ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities. The superordinate concept is the most general form of a type of concept, such as “animal” or “fruit”. The basic level type is an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as “dog,” “cat,” or “pear.” The subordinate concept is the most specific category of a concept, such as one’s pet dog or a pear in one’s hand. Formal concepts are concepts that are defined by specific rules or features. Natural concepts are concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world. A prototype is an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept. Problem solving is the process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways.
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thinking, intelligence, and language
Terms in this set (45)
thinking(cognition)
mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others.
mental images
mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picturelike quality
concepts
ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities
superordinate concept
the most general form of a type of concept, such as "animal" or "fruit"; superordinate refers to highest in status or standing
basic level type
an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as "dog," "cat," or "pear."
subordinate concept
the most specific category of a concept, such as one's pet dog or pear in one's hand; subordinate refers to lowest in status or standing.
formal concepts
concepts that are defined by specific rules or features
natural concepts
concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world
prototype
an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept
problem solving
process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways.
trial and error(mechanical solution)
problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found
algoriths
very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems.
heuristic
"rule of thumb," an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem.
representative heuristic
assumption that any object(or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category.
availability heuristic
estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is for us to think of related examples.
means-end analysis
heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference.
functional fixedness
a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions
mental set
the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past.
confirmation bias
the tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that he does not fit those beliefs
creativity
the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways.
convergent thinking
type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic.
divergent thinking
type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point.
intelligence
the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.
triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical
analytical intelligence
the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving.
creative intelligence
the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems.
practical intelligence
the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful.
g factor
the ability to reason and solve problems; general intelligence; Spearman
s factor
the ability to excel in certain areas or specific intelligence; Spearman
intelligence quotient(IQ)
a number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one's mental age by one's chronological age and then multiplying that quotient by 100.
reliability
the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people.
validity
the degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure
deviation IQ scores
a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15
intellectual disability
condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage that the skills of other who are the same chronological age; may also be referred to as "developmentally delayed." formerly known as mental retardation
gifted
the 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ score of 130 or above.
emotional intelligence
the awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel, and socially skilled.
language
a system for combining symbols(words) so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others.
grammar
the system of rules governing the structure and use of a language.
syntax
the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.
morphemes
the smallest units of meaning within a language.
semantics
the rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences
phonemes
the basic units of sound in language.
pragmatics
aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or social "niceties" of language
linguistic relativity hpothesis
the theory that though processes and concepts are controlled by language
cognitive universalism
theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language
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