What is the best method to control voluntary motion during abdominal radiography?

J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Jul; 27(7): 2113–2115.

Abstract

[Purpose] This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the correlation between the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) and diaphragmatic motion during breathing. [Subjects] The subjects of this study were 20 healthy female students who listened to an explanation of the study methods, purpose and agreed to participate in the experiment. [Methods] Radiograph equipment was used to examine diaphragmatic motion with contraction of the PFM during breathing, and a spirometer was used to examine lung vital capacity. [Results] The results revealed a significant change in the diaphragmatic motion and pulmonary function (FEV1, MVV). FEV1 and MVV showed significant differences when the PFM was contracted. Diaphragmatic motion showed a significant difference when the PFM was contracted. [Conclusion] Diaphragmatic motion and contraction of the PFM correlate with breathing. In addition, breathing is much more effective during contraction of the PFM. Therefore, PFM strengthening exercises should be included in respiratory rehabilitation programs.

Key words: Abdominal muscles, Diaphragm, Pelvic floor muscle

INTRODUCTION

During a state of rest, inspiration is caused by a contraction of the inspiration muscles and expiration is caused by a relaxation of the inspiration muscles. In a situation that requires a lot of oxygen, such as during exercise, breathing is caused by the contraction of inspiration and expiration muscles1). In breathing, the diaphragm, the principal muscle of respiration, plays a significant role in the maintenance of breathing2). When the diaphragm is contracted, it causes inspiration, and when the diaphragm is relaxed, it causes expiration. At that moment, diaphragmatic motion is affected by the contraction of abdominal muscles. The downward movement of the diaphragm decreases even though the diaphragm is contracted because intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) increases when abdominal muscles are contracted during inspiration. In addition, expiratory flow can be increased because the IAP makes the diaphragm move upward when the abdominal muscles are contracted during the relaxation of the diaphragm during expiration. In contrast, when both the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm are contracted at the same time, IAP increases3). Allison et al.2) confirmed that the stability of a trunk can be enhanced if there is an IAP that is generated by the simultaneous contraction of both the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. Thus, the diaphragm is involved with breathing and providing trunk stability along with the abdominal muscles.

Among the muscles involved in IAP and breathing, the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) are often ignored. Bartelink4) confirmed that the diaphragm moves upward and the PFM moves downward when abdominal muscles are contracted. Cresswell et al.3) explained that the diaphragm moves upward and the increased IAP induces a contraction of the PFM when abdominal muscles are strongly contracted. Therefore, the PFM is relaxed during inspiration but is also contracted to protect internal organs when the IAP drastically increases. The PFM is contracted even during a strong expiration period and, at this time, the IAP increases leading to the upward movement of the diaphragm. Consequently, the PFM should be responsible for reacting to and controlling changes of IAP along with the abdominal muscles and diaphragm. Neumann and Gill5) reported that contraction of the PFM generated activation of the transverse abdominis and internal oblique, and also raised the IAP by 6 mmHg. Additionally, Bø et al.6) and Sapsford7) confirmed that the PFM are involved in changes of IAP and also trunk stability, which is required in breathing and coughing, contracting simultaneously when both the diaphragm and anterolateral abdominal muscles are contracted. Thus, the PFM does not independently contract itself but reacts and controls changes of IAP by systematically working together with the diaphragm and surrounding abdominal muscles, especially with the anterolateral abdominal muscles8). Therefore, the PFM protect the internal organs in the pelvis and continuously works to control IAP when you talk, move, breathe, cough, or even move your limbs9, 10).

As mentioned, even though the PFM has breathing-related functions, most studies of the PFM have investigated urological diseases11, 12). This study attempted to identify the effect of the contraction of the PFM and diaphragmatic motion during breathing.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The subjects of this study were 20 healthy female students of S university, Busan, Republic of Korea. They participated in the experiment after being informed of the procedures of the experiment. This study complied with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was received from each participant. The ethical committee of Silla University approved this study. None of the subjects had a history of musculoskeletal disorders, smoking, congenital deformity of the thoracic cavity, or rib fracture in the past 6 months. The characteristics of the subjects were as follows: age of 22.5 years, height of 160.6 cm, weight of 53.0 kg.

In this study, a radiograph (Digital Surgical C-Arm X-Ray System ZEN-2090, Philips, Netherlands) was used to examine diaphragmatic motion with contraction of the PFM during breathing. Diaphragmatic motion was measured before and during contraction of the PFM in a supine position. The measurements were conducted three times and the average value was adopted. A one-minute rest was given after every trial to prevent muscle fatigue. A spirometer (Pony FX, Cosmed, Italy) was used to examine lung vital capacity. Measurements were made of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV). The shoulders of the participants were restrained to reduce compensation by the trunk, and both nostrils were blocked during pulmonary function measurements. The measurements were performed before and during contraction of the PFM. They were repeated three times and the average value was adopted. A one-minute rest was given after every trial to prevent muscle fatigue, and sufficient rest was also given after every measurement.

Wilcoxon’s Signed Rank test was used to examine the relationship of contraction of the PFM, diaphragmatic motion and changes in pulmonary function. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 21.0 for Windows. Significance was accepted for values of p<0.05.

RESULTS

FVC and peak expiratory flow (PEF) decreased during contraction of the PFM, but the differences were not significant. On the other hand, FEV1 significantly decreased (p<0.05). MVV significantly increased during contraction of the PFM (p<0.05), and diaphragmatic motion significantly decreased during contraction of the PFM (p<0.05) (Table 1).

Table 1.

The changes in pulmonary function and diaphragmatic motion between before and during contraction of the pelvic floor muscles (Unit)

aMean±SD, *p<0.05 by Wilcoxon’s Signed Rank Test. FVC: forced vital capacity, FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second, PEF: peak expiratory flow, MVV: maximum voluntary ventilation

DISCUSSION

The abdominal cavity, which is shaped like a balloon, is composed of abdominal muscles at the front and right side, para spinal muscles at the back, the diaphragm in the upper abdomen, and the PFM in the lower abdomen. Due to its structure, the PFM does not contract on its own but contracts in cooperation with muscles around the abdominal area13, 14). In general, when there is an IAP is generated by speaking, breathing, or coughing, the pressure is delivered in all directions in the abdominal cavity through the organs and ascites. Abdominal muscles like the PFM and diaphragm contract together to protect the organs against the pressure9). Through this procedure, the PFM are indirectly involved in breathing. It is well-known that the PFM relax during inspiration to help the diaphragm move downward, allowing inspiratory flow to increase. They also contract together with the abdominal muscles during exhalation or coughing to help the diaphragm move upward by increasing the IAP4). This study examined the effect of PFM’ contraction on diaphragmatic motion and pulmonary function; this study was much needed, as few studies exist on this topic. This study confirmed that the contraction of the PFM is involved in diaphragmatic motion and affects pulmonary function.

The range of diaphragmatic motion is reported to be approximately 1.5 cm during quiet breathing and 6 to 10 cm during deep breathings such as in sports15). Our results show a similar result, a 6.0 cm range of motion in the diaphragm before the PFM was contracted. There was a significant decrease of 5.6 cm during the contraction of the PFM. This result indicates that contraction of the PFM hinders the movement of the diaphragm. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that IAP is increased because abdominal muscles also contract when the PFM are contracted. Additionally, an increase in IAP occurs hindering the downward movement of the diaphragm.

This limitation of the downward movement of the diaphragm may affect pulmonary function. Our results show there were changes in pulmonary function: FVC and PEF decreased, but their decreases were not statistically significant. Normally, FVC is affected by the movement of the thorax and by the strength of the diaphragm and respiratory muscles16). It is known that FVC can decrease because the lung cannot fully expand due to lack of thorax movement in cases of chest wall diseases, such as kyphosis17). Under these circumstances, FVC is decreased due to limitations in the range of thorax movement which hinder diaphragmatic motion, resulting in an increase in IAP, because the abdominal muscles contract while the PFM is contracting. Our study subjects did not exhibit statistically significant differences because they were all normally healthy females. Even when their PFM were contracted, downward movement was only partially inhibited because the subjects’ diaphragms and muscle strength were normal. Conversely, FEV1 significantly decrease during PFM contraction. Normally, decreases in FEV1 indicate a pathological abnormality in the airway since it is a variable that is highly correlated with airway resistance18). In this study, because the subjects were normally healthy, airway resistance or airway obstruction cannot explain the significant decrease observed in FEV1. Generally speaking, the IAP increases during strong expiration, forcing the diaphragm into a parachute shape, expelling air from the thorax to the outside19). Therefore, in the case of a normal person, it can be predicted that higher IAP will result in a higher FEV1. However, in this study, abdominal muscles were contracted since the PFM was already contracted before the diaphragm began to contract. This is because increased IAP limited the downward movement of the diaphragm before the diaphragm began to contract. The limitation caused a decrease in FEV1 by hindering the maximum contraction, which is based on the Frank-Starling mechanism20). This mechanism explains the maximum contraction that may be produced by relaxing both the PFM and abdominal muscles. In this study, MVV increased even more while the PFM were contracting. MVV is a measurement of the ability to continuously maintain a high level of air flow, and it is an important indicator in the evaluation of motor ability21). In the results of this study, the increase in MVV due to PFM’ contraction suggests that contraction is very important for the maintenance of breathing ability during exercise. MVV depends on the maximum respiratory volume of the lungs in one breath. It depends on the lung capacity and the speed by which the volume of air can move in and out. It also depends on the elasticity of the lungs and thorax, the muscle power of the respiratory muscles, and the resistance of the airways and thorax22). The results of this study suggested that MVV increased due to an increase in the speed of inspiration and expiration and contraction and relaxation of the PFM and abdominal muscles is unnecessary because the PFM contracts in advance.

In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that PFM strengthening exercises should be included in respiratory rehabilitation programs because the PFM can affect diaphragmatic motion and pulmonary function. However, this study was not able to directly identify the correlation between the muscle power of the PFM, diaphragmatic motion, and pulmonary function. Therefore, further studies are needed to identify the effects of PFM strengthening on pulmonary function through PFM strengthening exercises.

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