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Terms in this set (326)
Iran's ancient traditions rooted in the Achaemenian Empire include all of the following concepts of sovereignty EXCEPT:
Rule by religious clerics
In recent years a crisis in political legitimacy in Iran has occurred between two conflicting ideas--sovereignty of the people and
Divinely inspired clerical rule
Which of the following characteristics have shaped the political cultures of Russia, China, Mexico, and Iran
Authoritarianism
Which of the following countries did NOT have a major internal revolution in the 20th century
Great Britain
Iran traces its identity with Shiism to the
Safavids
According to the table, which of the following is the BEST description of women's participation in the Iranian legislature?
Women are seriously under-represented
In which of the following areas of life are women in Iran BEST represented?
University enrollment
The first written constitution for Iran came about as a direct result of the
Revolution of 1905- 1909
The government position/organization that has had the power to veto laws passed by the Majiles since 1906 is the
Guardian Council
During which era did Iran become a rentier state?
Rule of the Pahlavis
The Revolution of 1979 was different from 20th century revolutions in Russia and China because it resulted in a(n)
Religious State
The Islamic fundamentalism that the Ayatollah Khomeini that was basic to the 1979 revolution was characterized by all the following EXCEPT:
Liberalism
Iran's Constitution of 1979 differed from the Constitution of 1909 because it (the Constitution of 1979) put more emphasis on
Divinely inspired clerical rule
Which of the following Iranian political leaders has been MOST associated with liberal reforms?
Muhammad Khatami
Which of the following is a mismatch between country and ethnic minority group?
China/Han
Which of the following is an accurate description of the change in civil society between Khatami's presidency (1997-2005) and Ahmedinejad's presidency (2005-present)?
Civil society has been more restricted under Ahmadinejad then under Khatami
The theocracy is most directly represented in the national government by the Supreme Leader the Expediency Council and the,
Guardian Council
The political party system in Iran is characterized by
Factional splits
Which of the following countries include proportional representation in their electoral systems?
II. Russia and III. Mexico
Which of the following countries have federalist political systems?
II. Russia and III. Mexico
Which of the following has the power to remove the Supreme Leader from office?
Assembly of Religious Experts
Which of the following countries has a president?
II. Russia III. China IV. Mexico and V. Iran only
Foundation for the Oppressed, Martyrs Foundation, and the Foundation for the Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works are all examples of
Semipublic Institutions
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a cleric?
A member of the Majles
The body of statutes with no sacred basis in the Iranian system is called
qanun
In Iran ultimate legal authority rests in
sharia law
In which of the following countries does the military currently take an active role in policy-making?
II. China and IV. Iran
The belief that the government should take an active role in controlling the economy is called
Statism
Political discussions that occur in Qom take place mainly along
Religious scholars
The Ayatollah Khomeini's attitude toward economic policy can best be described as
Disdainful
China's attitude toward ethnic minorities can best be described as
tolerant of those that don't threaten the legitimacy of the state, but hostile to those that do, like Tibetans and Uighurs
What legal reform has been undertaken by the Chinese government in the last 6 months?
the end of Re-Education Through Labour camps
What is the effect of China's hukou (household registration) system on poor, rural citizens?
those who migrate to urban areas lack the same rights and status as other urban dwellers
Guanxi refers to
the traditional practice of the giving of favors that is the foundation of corruption in China
Which statement is an accurate description of the role Confucianism plays in China's modern political culture?
the Confucian tradition of obedience and self-improvement is also evident in modern Chinese communism
China's overall population can best be described as
dominated by one large ethnicity and not affiliated with an established religion
What do Tibet, Hong Kong, and Taiwan have in common?
the legitimacy and capacity of the Chinese state is in question to some extent in all of them
This geographic location operates under the "one country, two systems" philosophy in which it is allowed to maintain a capitalist system and Western style Rule of Law while technically still being under the political control of China
Hong Kong
The urban/rural divide and the division between socioeconomic classes in China could be described as a
cumulative cleavage
Which of the following is true about the system of Xinfang (Letters and Visits)?
its ineffectiveness is a sign of the state's corrupt and inefficient bureaucracy
What was the "Cultural Revolution"?
a late 1960s campaign to rid the Communist Party of capitalist and Western influence
This Chinese leader started an era of "Reform and Opening" in which the Chinese began to embrace the open market
Deng Xiaoping
When Deng Xiaoping said "Whether a cat is black or white makes no difference. As long as it catches mice, it is a good cat," what did he mean?
economic progress is more important than strictly holding to Communist ideology
Place the following eras of Chinese history in correct chronological order
stability and innovation under dynastic rule; stagnation under the Ming Dynasty; China faces increased pressure and invasion from Western and European powers; Nationalists and Communists vie for control of the government; Communists rule.
How did the government respond to the Tiananmen Square protests?
they violently repressed the rebellion and further restricted personal freedoms
What is meant by "democratic centralism"?
differences of opinion and dissent are tolerated only at the most central and highest levels
Which of the following is NOT true about the realities of the Chinese political system?
the legislative bodies of the CCP and the government are the most influential organs
Which part of the Chinese Communist Party is a group of elites who shape much of Chinese policy?
Politburo
What is nomenklatura?
a system by which people are recruited and promoted within the Communist Party
Which of the following is true about China's one-child policy?
the level of enforcement and policy design can vary from one region to another
Which of the following is true about the "capacity" or ability of the Chinese state to control the lives of Chinese citizens?
the state's capacity is diminishing as economic freedoms are increased and bureaucratic inefficiencies are exposed
"Fang Shou" refers to
the political cycle in which the state responds to periods of reform by being more strict and controlling
What was the "Iron Rice Bowl"?
a Mao Zedong-era promise of job security
What major step was taken to promote the "Rule of Law" in China beginning in the late 1970s and 1980s?
the creation of a written criminal code intended to apply to all citizens
What major electoral reform has been undertaken in the Chinese system within the last 25 years?
secret-ballot elections for local government positions are taking place
What ist eh status of large interest groups like the China Woman's Federation and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions?
they are managed directly by the Communist Party and government
The relationship between political and economic reform and political control in contemporary China can be characterized as
undergoing economic reform but retaining political control
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding geographic influences on China's people?
China's population is concentrated along river valleys and coastal areas in the south and east
What was the "Long March"?
Mao Zedong's forced exile to the west in which he gathered support among peasants
China's system of government and distribution of power could be described as
single-party authoritarian; unitary
What happened in Tiananmen Square in 1989?
a student-led uprising was violently suppressed by the government
What is the state's role in the oil economy of Russia?
it is a major investor and shareholder in the industry and profits heavily
What is a rentier state?
a country that gets a significant source of its revenue from the export of a natural resource
Russia's distribution of power and system of government can be described as
federal; semi-presidential
What is meant by the term "asymmetric federalism"?
clearly defined sub-units of government have unique and uneven statuses and relationships with the national government
Which of the following has the greatest amount of political authority outside of the national government?
republics
Which of the following is NOT one of the powers of the Russian president?
call for a vote of no confidence
How is the president elected in Russia?
she or he is elected by citizens in a national vote
Which of the following statements is likely the most accurate about Dmitri Medvedev's term as president?
Vladimir Putin retained a large amount of political authority as the Prime Minister
If the Duma rejects the president's nominee for president 3 times, then what would happen?
the Duma is dissolved and new elections are called
Vladimir Putin's political party
United Russia
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the political party United Russia?
it lost seats in the Duma in the most recent election
How are seats in the Federation Council chosen or elected?
2 people are selected by the regional government of each federal subject
What is the most common justification for changes to the electoral system made under Putin?
he has brought stability and consistency to the political system
Which of the following is NOT one of the changes that has been made to Russia's political system since 2000?
presidential elections were changed to a single-member district system
This institution reviews the actions and decisions of other institutions to determine whether they are in accordance with the Russian constitution
the Constitutional Court
The Beslan crisis highlighted what major issue within the Russian Federation?
Chechen separatism
The Tsarist rulers of Russia could most easily be differentiated by their
willingness to open Russia to Europe, or lack thereof
Which of the following best characterizes the ideological foundation of Lenin's Russian Revolution?
leading working-class revolutionaries will inspire and create a system to replace the exploitations of capitalism
This Soviet leader was responsible for purges and the use of gulags to imprison, punish, and execute millions of Russian citizens
Joseph Stalin
_____ was a term referring to the increased transparency and openness of the Soviet system in the 1980s
glasnost
Which best describes Mikhail Gorbachev's motivation to make the Soviet system more transparent?
he believed it could increase the legitimacy of the Communist party in times of great change
What is the legacy of Boris Yeltsin's shock therapy program?
economic instability and the rise of an elite oligarchy
How did Yeltsin attempt to legitimize the Russian constitution and establish it as the foundation for Rule of Law?
he held a national referendum on the constitution
The arrest of Mikhail Khodorkovsky was a sign that
Putin was intent on reducing the power of those in the oligarchy who opposed him
Which of the following is true about oil in Russia?
the state is a large investor in oil companies and depends on the industry for revenue
What is the Russian state's relationship with the media?
the state has whole, partial, or indirect ownership in many media institutions so a state-approved view is generally promoted
Which of the following describes how interest groups work in Russia?
interest group have the legal right to form within the civil society, though the state places significant pressure on the loudest opposition voices
Who is Alexei Navalny?
a popular opposition blogger who ran for mayor of Moscow
What is the current population trend in Russia?
it is declining
Which of the following accurately describes the current political status of Chechnya?
a federal subject of Russia trying to assert its independence
Which of the following accurately describes the political status of Ukraine?
an independent republic trying to resist Russian influence and power
Which institution is primarily responsible for creating and passing legislation in the Russian Government?
Duma
What is the best description of Iran's ethnic demographics?
the Persian ethnicity is the largest, though the country is relatively diverse
Which is the best description of the Iran's economy?
most of it is directly or indirectly controlled by the state to serve the goals of the Islamic Republic
Iran's Persian history, its struggle against the West, and its promotion of a nuclear energy program can all serve what purpose for the current regime?
nation building
This Iranian political institution has been primarily responsible for preventing certain people from being eligible from elected office
Council of Guardians
This ancient religious tradition first defined the moral forces of good and evil in Persian society.
Zoroastrianism
Which of the following was a primary criticism of the Shah's regime from the 1940s up to 1979?
it was corrupt and too obedient to Western powers
Presidential elections in Iran since the revolution indicate what about the political system?
liberalism has increased at some times but decreased at others, making it difficult to determine a trend
What is the role of the Basij in Iranian society?
policing morals and enforcing sharia law
Which of the following is a major societal difference between Iran and most other nations in the Middle East?
Iran is Shia dominated whereas most other nations are Sunni dominated
What was the Green Revolution?
a series of protests in Iran that were critical of fraud in recent elections
This elected body chooses the Supreme Leader
Assembly of Experts
The Rule of Law in Iran can be described in which way?
religious sharia law is supreme, though its interpretation and enforcement is inconsistent
What role does oil play in Iran's economy?
as a nationalized resource, revenue from oil theoretically serves the goals of the Islamic Republic, while directly funding the regime
What are bonyads?
companies that operate as "charitable trusts" who are expected to use some profits to fund social services
What function does the Revolutionary Guard serve within the political system?
they protect the Islamic system from foreign interference or internal rebellion
This is the dominant religion in the Northern states of Nigeria
Islam
The largest city in Nigeria
Lagos
The three largest ethnicities in Nigeria
Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo
The dominant political party in Nigeria
People's Democratic Party
A meeting of European colonial powers in which the continent of Africa was intended to be divided among them
Berlin Conference
He stepped down as military dictator in the late 1970s but returned as an elected president in the late 1990s
Olesegun Obasanjo
Nigeria is a _____ state, meaning the state has a reduced capacity to carry out policies and build a sense of national identity
weak
Government power in Nigeria is distributed under a _____ system
federal
Nigeria's current constitution establishes a government system very similar to the British one
false
Foreign oil companies have had very little access to Nigeria's nationalized oil since the country's independence in 1960
false
Sharia law is common in Nigeria, but virtually non-existent in southern Nigeria
true
Media in Nigeria is mostly run by the state and is therefore heavily censored
false
Nigeria was run by a series of military dictatorships until 2 years ago, when Goodluck Jonathan was elected president
false
The answer to this question is false.
true
Which of the following statements best reflects Fareed Zakaria's view of global violence as expressed in "The Rise of the Rest"?
the modern era may be less violent, but media has made us more sensitive to it and aware of its impact
The Communist and Socialist ideologies have what trait in common?
they both acknowledge that the state should accept some responsibility for the welfare of citizens
In the 1930s, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini created a few large unions to represent the industrial class, and these unions could officially negotiate their wages with the government. This was an example of
democratic corporatism
From among this list, the most common criticism of IGOs is that they
serve the needs of the most developed nations at the expense of the poorest ones
In Bieberland, the citizens regularly vote in elections, but they are relatively uninformed because the government only allows one candidate to appear on the state-sponsored television network and in the newspapers. Bieberland is an example of an
illiberal democracy
In the 1960s, Chinese students were asked to go to the rural areas of China and promote the communist teachings of the leader Mao Zedong through lectures and other activities. What process was taking place in this case?
political socialization
The Radical and Reactionary political attitudes have what in common?
they both seek massive, fundamental change in the political system
Devolution occurs when
the national or central government becomes less powerful and sub-units of government gain power
What is electoralism?
the belief that merely holding elections will lead to a legitimate and substantive democracy
In the "What Democracy Is" article, what is meant by the term "bounded uncertainty"?
functioning democracies must be unpredictable to some extent, yet relatively stable
In the "What Democracy Is" articles, the authors suggest that all functioning democracies may not look the same, because
some may allow for an expanded role for the state or public sphere, and some may not
How is the Head of Government selected in a parliamentary system?
they are chosen by the leading party in the legislature
A system in which a prime minister and a president co-exist to share power
Semi-presidential system
What is a coup d'etat?
a forced takeover of the government
Which of the following systems limits the public's ability freely influence policy-making?
corporatism
A citizen wants their country's government to preserve tradition so that government practices and aspects of the Civil Society are relatively unchanging. This person is a
conservative
National and international groups, independent of any state, that pursue policy objectives and foster public participation
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
This political philosopher believed that strong governments were necessary and that life without them would be extremely difficult
Thomas Hobbes
A political system that has sovereignty and political authority over a population in a particular territory
state
A group of people that are bound together by a common political identity
nation
A _____ sets the rules that are followed by a state. It may set how the state exerts its power and often endures beyond individual governments and leaders.
Regime
In this system, the roles of Head of Government and Head of State are divided.
Parliamentary system
A situation in which power is split among many groups, and interest groups may form voluntarily
pluralism
A system in which the government owns nearly all industrial enterprises and businesses, and may do things like set prices and set production limits
command economy
_____ refers to the voluntary ways and organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests
civil society
A _______ concentrates all policy-making powers at the national level
unitary system
A _________ divides the power between the central governments and the sub-units
federal system
The tendency to decentralize the decision-making power to central governments, such as the United Kingdom's recent moves to give more power to Scottish and Welsh government
devolution
A type of state in which the government plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic conditions of its citizens
welfare state
The government's creation of the Head Start program, in which children from low-income families have access to early childhood education, is primarily an example of what function of government?
Protecting the Weak
"Rent-seeking" behaviors by individuals or groups are an example of
using government for private gain
Patron-clientelism is
a system in which the state provides specific benefits to a single person or small group in return for support
Which of the following electoral systems is most likely to lead to a multi-party democracy (a democracy with more than 2 dominant political parties)?
proportional representation
In a single-member district parliamentary system, voters can best express their affiliation with a political party by
voting for a single candidate to represent their district in Parliament
Which of the following is true of a confederal system?
the sub-units of government have extensive power and the central government is very weak or non-existent
South Africa has a large GDP and a high Gini Index. What does this say about South Africa?
it has a large economy, though much of the wealth is concentrated in the upper class
Developed by the United Nations, it combines life expectancy, literacy rate and average income to measure quality of life in a given country
Human Development Index
Which of the following best describes the difference between race and ethnicity?
race is often determined externally according to a perceived physical similarity, while ethnicity is more personally defined by people who believe they have something in common
The Beveridge Report was most consistent with which of the following ideologies?
socialism
Immigrants from these TWO countries make up the largest non-white minority population in the United Kingdom
India and Pakistan
Which of the following is true about Muslims within the United Kingdom?
polls and studies suggest that they are more socially isolated than in other countries
This political party's representation in the House of Commons would increase most dramatically with the adoption of a proportional representation system
Liberal Democrats
This major party gets much of its support from urban and industrial areas in the UK
Labour
Which of the following is true about the 2010 UK General Election?
conservative candidates won the most seats in Parliament, but had to form a coalition with the Liberal Democratas in order to form a government
Which of the following is true of parliamentary elections in Great Britain?
parliamentary elections must be held at least every 5 years
In the UK's First Past the Post system, British voters are best able to represent their party affiliation by
their vote for a single candidate for Parliament
Which of the following offered the greatest challenge to British acceptance of a large welfare state in the 1970s?
economic recession
Which of the following statements regarding political parties in Great Britain is accurate?
two major parties have traditionally dominated the political system
As applied in Great Britain, the doctrine of "collective responsibility" means that
all members of the cabinet publicly support every cabinet decision
In Great Britain, the prime minister is
the head of government and leader of the dominant party in Parliament
The voting behavior of members of the British House of Commons is principally determined by their
party affiliation
In the mid-1990s, British Labour Party leader Tony Blair changed his party by
revising the party's direction to indicate clearly Labour's acceptance of a market economy
Which of the following BEST describes the nature of political and economic change over the long course of Britain's history?
gradual reform
Tony Blair's "Third Way" was an attempt to balance the socialist policies of the Labour Party during the 1970s with
Margaret Thatcher's free-market policies
This country will vote on the issue of independence and complete devolution from the United Kingdom in 2014
Scotland
Ethnic minorities are predominantly clustered in what areas of the United Kingdom?
cities
Which of the following is an accurate description of the British political system?
it is a unitary state with political authority centralized in London
The emergence of a new Scottish parliament and Welsh assembly are evidence of
devolution
The English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the 1832 Reform Act were examples of what trend?
the growing power of Parliament
Under which circumstance would a vote of no confidence most likely take place in a Parliamentary system?
the Prime Minister and the cabinet have lost some support within their party
Which of the following trends has been occurring in the modern era in the UK parliament?
the influence of the House of Lords has decreased
The "collective consensus" refers to
the post-World War II era when both Labours and Conservatives supported a modern welfare system
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Margaret Thatcher's policies?
increased funding and power for labour unions
Since the early 1970s, this group has sought to represent Northern Ireland's Catholic working class
Sinn Fein
Which of the following is an accurate statement about British Muslims in England?
British Muslims have a higher rate of unemployment than the average population
QUANGOS best represent which pattern of interest group involvement in policy making?
neo-corporatism
The UK's reservations and skepticism of the European Union have mostly focused on
a fear of being tied to the economic fate of the other nations
The political party that gets most of its support from the rural and suburban areas of England is
Conservative
Which of the following is a sign that the United Kingdom is facing pressure from supranational organizations to reform their legal system?
the creation of the Supreme Court
The growth of the welfare state in the latter half of the 20th century was most notable in which aspect?
the creation of the National Health Service and the expansion of state-supported health care
The population of Northern Ireland as a whole can generally be described as
split between Protestants loyal to the United Kingdom and Catholics who feel more connected to Ireland
The United Kingdom has traditionally been a _______ state, but its ___________ diversity is increasing
multi-national; racial
What type of Government is Iran considered to be?
Iran is an Authoritarian form of government.
What is contradicting about Iran and their elections?
Iran has regular "democratic" elections.
What were some reasons as to why Mahmud Ahmadinejad won the 2005 elections?
His oppositions was split up between conservatives and reformers (reformers were in there own split up)
A large portion of the electorate abstained to voting at all
He mobilized veterans of the Iraqi War (1980-1989)
He promised to distribute oil revenues among the poor
He wished to cut down the power of the ruling elite individuals
He also argued to stand up against American demands
What were some reasons as to why Muhammad Khatami won the 1997 elections?
He ran on a liberal ticket promising reform to economy
Wanted to establish "dialogue" with the West
Nourished civil society (many of his voters were women, and students)
By how much did Khatami win the elections?
He won nearly 70% of the votes of some 80% of people that were participating.
How does Iran rule? (What is there base for governing)?
Iran rules like a theocracy (based off of Shari'a)
What is the Majles, and what do they do?
The Majles is basically the Iranian version of parliament.
They are Directly elected every 4 years.
Have 290 members.
Allowed to pass laws (must be checked by
the Gaurdians)
Can impeach cabinet members.
Can withhold budgets.
Have full immunity!!!
What government "entity" has the most power in the Iranian government?
The Supreme Leader (Known to everybody outside of the west as only the leader) possesses most if not all of the ruling power
What was written in the Iranian constitution different from others and yet is not a reality?
The Iranian constitution basically stated that that document could not be changed until judgement day or when the new messiah appeared, yet if the Majles obtains 2/3 of the votes, they are allowed to make an alteration to the constitution.
Where do most of Iran's people live?
67% of Iranian citizens live on 27% of the land (Close to the Caspian Sea)
How did Iran avoid a bad economy when their soil was passed ruined?
Due to the amount of Oil in the region, Iran has been able to bring in a huge amount of revenues (yet this is their only economic savior!!!)
In 2008, Iran made $30 billion on oil revenues.
Iran is the 2nd largest oil producer in the Middle East and 4th largest in the world.
What is the literacy rate for the Iranians?
80% of Iran's citizens are literate
What are the language statistics for Iran's citizens?
51% of citizens speak Farsi (Persian)
26% speak Turkic
8% speak Gilaki
7% speak Kurdish
AND 3% SPEAK ARABIC
What was the official name of Iran before they changed it?
Iran decided to change their name to Iran from Persia
Who was the Safavid family and what did they do?
They lasted until 1722
Changed 90% of Sunni's to Shi'ism
They basically played as the form of government in Iran, though they were small and often times had to work along side the other workers.
Revived the Shah or King as the sole leader of Iran.
Technically controled Iran for 200 years, they possessed
very little power.
Who are the Zoroastrians?
They were the decendants of Iran that maintained their old religion.
How did the Safavid's feel about other religous minorities
They allowed them to stay as long as they paid specific taxes and accepted a Shi'ite leader.
They also respected christians, jews, and Zoroastrians
because they each had their holy texts; the bible, the Torah, and the Auesta respectively.
Who were the Qajars and what did they do?
They took over in 1794 and ended in 1925.
They ruled in the same type of government as the Safavids, though, they did not claim direct lineage to the Imams which cost them in the end.
They moved the capital to Tehran.
Responsible for allowing European powers to take
control of Iran's economy. (lead to constitution revolution)
How violent has Iran been as a country?
Iran has never attacked a single country yet it has been invaded 12 times.
How did the constitutional revolution (1905-1909) come to be?
Britain owned much of the oil in Iran and therefore Iran's shaw owed a large sum to Europe. The people felt that the shaw was actually being worse for the country.
Why did the shaw decide to make a constitution?
In 1906, 14,000 people striked against the shaw and even his own men and they all asked for the writing of a new constitution.
What types of things did the new constitution promise?
The shas new constitution
promised seats to be held in the Majles for minorities.
Though only Shi'ites could hold cabinet positions.
Who were the Pahlavi's?
They appeared in 1925 until 1979 with General Reza Kahn as a "prince on a white horse"
How did the Majles feel about the change on political power from the Qajars to the Pahlavis?
They did not care whatsoever about the change in power.
What happened with Reza Kahn and who took his place?
He was very sick with cancer so he left and placed his son in charge instead and the US supported these actions.
What expansions were made during the Pahlavi administration?
Many expansions were done throughout all boards of
places.
The Pahlavi Foundation owned $3 billion and 207 companies.
They also claimed the Resurgence Party to be the only legitimate party.
Who removed the Pahlavi regime?
Allahtolla Khomeini (through the claim of Islamic Fundamentalism) used convincing the people that he had the right to serve. He used jurist's Gaurdianship to claim his rightful place to hold power over all.
What was the Islamic Republic?
Lasted from 1979 to 2001.
97% of Iranians supported this system.
The new constitution was drafted in 1979 by the Assembly of Religious Experts.
Who were the Hezbollahis?
They were "club weilding vigilantes" that threatened voters.
Who are the Hojat al-Islams
They are middle ranking Iranian clerics.
What happened on February 11, 1979?
Iranian strikers broke into the army barracks and they fought against the last of the Shah's army. And they also broke into the national radio system and told the world that Iran was now the voice of the Islamic Revolution.
Who was Bazargan?
Bazargan (Iran's 1st PM) wanted a more french style constitution to be ratified but Khomeini did not support that so he had attacks on the US embassy and massive protests there until they, as well as Bazargan, resigned.
Why did the clerics hold so much power in Iran?
1st, Many could not go against Khomeini's amazing charisma and popularity.
2nd, The Iraqi War also strengthened the Iranian people to
seek retreat behind Khomeini.
3rd, International Petrolium prices shot up
Why was the second decade after the revolution harder than the 1st?
The death of Khomeini was tragic in 1989 and his successor, Ali Khamenei, did not possess the charisma that Khomeini did and also his religous experience was truly questioned.
Also, the UN ceased fire in the Iran-Iraq war so people were not united anymore.
Also,
oil prices dropped to 1/3 of what they used to be.
Finally, the dissiples separated into liberal and conservatives.
What effect did the 9/11 attack have on Iran?
Iran was hit HARD with the attack, they became immediately closened to the US because they both shared a common enemy. They even set up a pro-american government in Iraq and aided the capture of terrorists in Afghanistan.
What treaty did Iran propose to US and how did US react?
In 2003, Iran proposed the "Grand Bargain" which effectively united Iran and US and also talked about the nuclear facilities in Iran. George W Bush, in his "Axis of Evil" speech denounced the bargain and claimed Iran to be a terrorist country that could not be trusted.
Why are the ideals of democracy and Shari'a such at odds?
Because the 2 main arguments of democracy is ALL people ar equal and also that people are free to choose their own religion.
What did Iran do in 2002 to attract foreign investors?
Iran passes laws selling large sums of shares to foreign investors and promised them that they need not worry about the government getting in their way with oil.
In the 19th century, who were the largest traders with Iran?
Russia and Britain made up 83% of the foreign trade. 10% with Germany and france and then 7% with the Middle East.
How important was oil to Iran's economy?
Oil was 90% of imports and 80% of annual budget.
What is a Rentier State?
It is a country that obtains a lucrative income by exporting raw materials or leasing out natural resources to foreign companies.
How was it living under the son of Reza during his 1st term?
He established democratic elements like freedom of press, independent judiciary and competetive elections.
Why was Muhammad forced to change his democratic ways?
He was coerced by the Tudeh (Commies) and the National Front (Mossaddeq)
How did the US aid in the government in Iran?
Mosaddeq had won power over the Shah so the US's CIA pulled some strings and overthrew Mosaddeq and then returned the Shah.
What were some good things that the Pahlavis did?
They established a current judicial system, they also created a large amry that is still in use today.
What did Khomeini;s constitution do?
Created a theocracy with democratic elements.
Gave the supreme leader absolute power (Islamic justification and Maslahat).
All laws are based on Islam.
Abolished the prime minister position.
Judges must use Islamic principles to guide their
decisions.
Institutionalized the Expediency Council.
Is there a president in Iran and what does he do?
Popularily elected through 50% of the vote.
Current president (2013) is Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
He is also the 1st non-clerical president.
Must be Shi'ite.
Limited to only 2, 4 year terms.
Can propose legislation.
Conducts foreign affairs.
Appoints mayors and governors.
Has full power to
control the economy.
What is the Iranian judicial branch like?
All members are appointed by the supreme leader.
All laws must be based on Islam
Who is the Gaurdian Council and what do they do?
There are 12 members (6 directly appointed and 6 through judge)
Power to veto bills by the Majles
Has power to review cadidates
to the presidential office.
Who are the Assembly of Religious Experts?
There are 86 popularily elected members that serve 4 year terms and elect the supreme leader.
Have the power to REMOVE the supreme leader.
They also must basically be clerics as well.
Who are the Expediency Council and what do they do?
They are
basically the middle man between the Majles and the Guardian Council.
Has 32 members (all appointed by the supreme leader)
Answerable only to the supreme leader.
What are some concerns for Iran's future?
There is a large portion of young people that want change.
Women want equality.
The relationship with the US is struggling.
High Unemployment
Economy is not diversified
What percentage of Women are in the government?
4.1% of women are in the lower house and 9.4% are at minesterial level.
What is the religious make up of Iran?
89% are Shi'ite
10% are Sunni
1% are Others (Jews etc...)
What 2 things lead to the revolutionary crisis?
10% decline in oil prices and also, a 20% rise in consumer prices.
Who are the baazaris?
They are a smaller group of terrorist criminals.
Iran has ________ and the ___________
Persian culture and the Shia faith
Iran's legislature is ?
Majlis
Iran's political system?
Non existent
The Iranian Volunteer military force?
Basij
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Hajj
Guardianship of Islamic Jurist
Velayat- e Faqih
Muslim Cleric
Mulah
OPEC stands for
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
When Prime minister of Iran...
Mossadegh and they put the Shah back when Mossadegh was kicked out
Jimmy Carter
Human rights
Fatwa
ruling of an islamic jurist
The islamic clerics highjacked it at the exertion of the lower case d democrats...
Moderates or reformers
Terrorist group
Hasbala
Which of the following is not a problem?
Inflation
Relationship between the supreme leader and the president
The president does day to day stuff and the supreme leader does big picture stuff
Under the current regime, what was the beginning of our bad relationship with Iran?
Iran Hostage Crisis
Islamic clerics drew on dissatisfaction over the shahs high military spending and low something spending
true
In 2009, there was an election where the Mussavi, but when Ockbod won the reelection in landslide, there was an uprising
People want to reform the regime
2009 presidential election was rigged
false
Modernization theory
Its the idea that as a country becomes more modern, it becomes more secular and democratic. The answer: people will become more urban and literate, people become more aware about what is going on in their own country and their own world, people will demand to participate in politics, the middle class will grow and expand.
What type of Government is Iran considered to be?
Iran is an Authoritarian form of government.
What is contradicting about Iran and their elections?
Iran has regular "democratic" elections.
What were some reasons as to why Mahmud Ahmadinejad won the 2005 elections?
His oppositions was split up between conservatives and reformers (reformers were in there own split up)
A large portion of the electorate abstained to voting at all
He mobilized veterans of the Iraqi War (1980-1989)
He promised to distribute oil revenues among the poor
He wished to cut down the power of the ruling elite individuals
He also argued to stand up against American demands
What were some reasons as to why Muhammad Khatami won the 1997 elections?
He ran on a liberal ticket promising reform to economy
Wanted to establish "dialogue" with the West
Nourished civil society (many of his voters were women, and students)
By how much did Khatami win the elections?
He won nearly 70% of the votes of some 80% of people that were participating.
How does Iran rule? (What is there base for governing)?
Iran rules like a theocracy (based off of Shari'a)
What is the Majles, and what do they do?
The Majles is basically the Iranian version of parliament.
They are Directly elected every 4 years.
Have 290 members.
Allowed to pass laws (must be checked by the Gaurdians)
Can
impeach cabinet members.
Can withhold budgets.
Have full immunity!!!
What government "entity" has the most power in the Iranian government?
The Supreme Leader (Known to everybody outside of the west as only the leader) possesses most if not all of the ruling power
What was written in the Iranian constitution different from others and yet is not a reality?
The Iranian constitution basically stated that that document could not be changed until judgement day or when the new messiah appeared, yet if the Majles obtains 2/3 of the votes, they are allowed to make an alteration to the constitution.
Where do most of Iran's people live?
67% of Iranian citizens live on 27% of the land (Close to the Caspian Sea)
How did Iran avoid a bad economy when their soil was passed ruined?
Due to the amount of Oil in the region, Iran has been able to bring in a huge amount of revenues (yet this is their only economic savior!!!)
In 2008, Iran made $30 billion on oil revenues.
Iran is the 2nd largest oil producer in the Middle East and 4th largest in the world.
What is the literacy rate for the Iranians?
80% of Iran's citizens are literate
What are the language statistics for Iran's citizens?
51% of citizens speak Farsi (Persian)
26% speak Turkic
8% speak Gilaki
7% speak Kurdish
AND 3% SPEAK ARABIC
What was the official name of Iran before they changed it?
Iran decided to change their name to Iran from Persia
Who was the Safavid family and what did they do?
They lasted until 1722
Changed 90% of Sunni's to Shi'ism
They basically played as the form of government in Iran, though they were small and often times had to work along side the other workers.
Revived the Shah or King as the sole leader of Iran.
Technically controled Iran for 200 years, they possessed
very little power.
Who are the Zoroastrians?
They were the decendants of Iran that maintained their old religion.
How did the Safavid's feel about other religous minorities
They allowed them to stay as long as they paid specific taxes and accepted a Shi'ite leader.
They also respected christians, jews, and Zoroastrians
because they each had their holy texts; the bible, the Torah, and the Auesta respectively.
Who were the Qajars and what did they do?
They took over in 1794 and ended in 1925.
They ruled in the same type of government as the Safavids, though, they did not claim direct lineage to the Imams which cost them in the end.
They moved the capital to Tehran.
Responsible for allowing European powers to take
control of Iran's economy. (lead to constitution revolution)
How violent has Iran been as a country?
Iran has never attacked a single country yet it has been invaded 12 times.
How did the constitutional revolution (1905-1909) come to be?
Britain owned much of the oil in Iran and therefore Iran's shaw owed a large sum to Europe. The people felt that the shaw was actually being worse for the country.
Why did the shaw decide to make a constitution?
In 1906, 14,000 people striked against the shaw and even his own men and they all asked for the writing of a new constitution.
What types of things did the new constitution promise?
The shas new constitution
promised seats to be held in the Majles for minorities.
Though only Shi'ites could hold cabinet positions.
Who were the Pahlavi's?
They appeared in 1925 until 1979 with General Reza Kahn as a "prince on a white horse"
How did the Majles feel about the change on political power from the Qajars to the Pahlavis?
They did not care whatsoever about the change in power.
What happened with Reza Kahn and who took his place?
He was very sick with cancer so he left and placed his son in charge instead and the US supported these actions.
What expansions were made during the Pahlavi administration?
Many expansions were done throughout all boards of
places.
The Pahlavi Foundation owned $3 billion and 207 companies.
They also claimed the Resurgence Party to be the only legitimate party.
Who removed the Pahlavi regime?
Allahtolla Khomeini (through the claim of Islamic Fundamentalism) used convincing the people that he had the right to serve. He used jurist's Gaurdianship to claim his rightful place to hold power over all.
What was the Islamic Republic?
Lasted from 1979 to 2001.
97% of Iranians supported this system.
The new constitution was drafted in 1979 by the Assembly of Religious Experts.
Who were the Hezbollahis?
They were "club weilding vigilantes" that threatened voters.
Who are the Hojat al-Islams
They are middle ranking Iranian clerics.
What happened on February 11, 1979?
Iranian strikers broke into the army barracks and they fought against the last of the Shah's army. And they also broke into the national radio system and told the world that Iran was now the voice of the Islamic Revolution.
Who was Bazargan?
Bazargan (Iran's 1st PM) wanted a more french style constitution to be ratified but Khomeini did not support that so he had attacks on the US embassy and massive protests there until they, as well as Bazargan, resigned.
Why did the clerics hold so much power in Iran?
1st, Many could not go against Khomeini's amazing charisma and popularity.
2nd, The Iraqi War also strengthened the Iranian people to
seek retreat behind Khomeini.
3rd, International Petrolium prices shot up
Why was the second decade after the revolution harder than the 1st?
The death of Khomeini was tragic in 1989 and his successor, Ali Khamenei, did not possess the charisma that Khomeini did and also his religous experience was truly questioned.
Also, the UN ceased fire in the Iran-Iraq war so people were not united anymore.
Also,
oil prices dropped to 1/3 of what they used to be.
Finally, the dissiples separated into liberal and conservatives.
What effect did the 9/11 attack have on Iran?
Iran was hit HARD with the attack, they became immediately closened to the US because they both shared a common enemy. They even set up a pro-american government in Iraq and aided the capture of terrorists in Afghanistan.
What treaty did Iran propose to US and how did US react?
In 2003, Iran proposed the "Grand Bargain" which effectively united Iran and US and also talked about the nuclear facilities in Iran. George W Bush, in his "Axis of Evil" speech denounced the bargain and claimed Iran to be a terrorist country that could not be trusted.
Why are the ideals of democracy and Shari'a such at odds?
Because the 2 main arguments of democracy is ALL people ar equal and also that people are free to choose their own religion.
What did Iran do in 2002 to attract foreign investors?
Iran passes laws selling large sums of shares to foreign investors and promised them that they need not worry about the government getting in their way with oil.
In the 19th century, who were the largest traders with Iran?
Russia and Britain made up 83% of the foreign trade. 10% with Germany and france and then 7% with the Middle East.
How important was oil to Iran's economy?
Oil was 90% of imports and 80% of annual budget.
What is a Rentier State?
It is a country that obtains a lucrative income by exporting raw materials or leasing out natural resources to foreign companies.
How was it living under the son of Reza during his 1st term?
He established democratic elements like freedom of press, independent judiciary and competetive elections.
Why was Muhammad forced to change his democratic ways?
He was coerced by the Tudeh (Commies) and the National Front (Mossaddeq)
How did the US aid in the government in Iran?
Mosaddeq had won power over the Shah so the US's CIA pulled some strings and overthrew Mosaddeq and then returned the Shah.
What were some good things that the Pahlavis did?
They established a current judicial system, they also created a large amry that is still in use today.
What did Khomeini;s constitution do?
Created a theocracy with democratic elements.
Gave the supreme leader absolute power (Islamic justification and Maslahat).
All laws are based on Islam.
Abolished the prime minister position.
Judges must use Islamic principles to guide their
decisions.
Institutionalized the Expediency Council.
Is there a president in Iran and what does he do?
Popularily elected through 50% of the vote.
Current president (2013) is Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
He is also the 1st non-clerical president.
Must be Shi'ite.
Limited to only 2, 4 year terms.
Can propose legislation.
Conducts foreign affairs.
Appoints mayors and governors.
Has full power to
control the economy.
What is the Iranian judicial branch like?
All members are appointed by the supreme leader.
All laws must be based on Islam
Who is the Gaurdian Council and what do they do?
There are 12 members (6 directly appointed and 6 through judge)
Power to veto bills by the Majles
Has power to review cadidates
to the presidential office.
Who are the Assembly of Religious Experts?
There are 86 popularily elected members that serve 4 year terms and elect the supreme leader.
Have the power to REMOVE the supreme leader.
They also must basically be clerics as well.
Who are the Expediency Council and what do they do?
They are
basically the middle man between the Majles and the Guardian Council.
Has 32 members (all appointed by the supreme leader)
Answerable only to the supreme leader.
What are some concerns for Iran's future?
There is a large portion of young people that want change.
Women want equality.
The relationship with the US is struggling.
High Unemployment
Economy is not diversified
What percentage of Women are in the government?
4.1% of women are in the lower house and 9.4% are at minesterial level.
What is the religious make up of Iran?
89% are Shi'ite
10% are Sunni
1% are Others (Jews etc...)
What 2 things lead to the revolutionary crisis?
10% decline in oil prices and also, a 20% rise in consumer prices.
Who are the baazaris?
They are a smaller group of terrorist criminals.
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engineering
Water with a density of $62.3 lb/ft^3$ completely fills an $80-ft^3$ vessel. If the local acceleration of gravity is $32.08 ft/s^2,$ determine the weight of the water, in lbf.
Verified answer
engineering
Consider the system whose closed-loop transfer function is $\frac{C(s)}{R(s)}=\frac{K\left(T_{2} s+1\right)}{T_{1} s+1}$. Obtain the steady-state output of the system when it is subjected to the input $r(t)=R \sin \omega t$.
Verified answer
engineering
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. Explain. The compressibility factor Z for a gas mixture can be evaluated using Kay's rule to determine mixture values for the critical temperature, $T_c,$ and critical pressure, $P_c.$
Verified answer
engineering
A four-stroke gasoline engine runs at 1800 RPM with a total displacement of 3 L and a compression ratio of 10:1. The intake is at 290 K, 75 kPa,with a mean effective pressure of 600 kPa. Find The cycle efficiency and power output.
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