Which of the following is not an effect of aging on the immune system? quizlet

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Alan has completed his second semester of A&P and has decided he wants to become an immunology research scientist. He has decided that his first experiment will be to alter the variable region of antibodies so they can bind to more types of antigens. Alan believes this will allow the antibodies to fight off more infections. What is the flaw with his concept?

Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes will only change the action of the antibody, not its antigen association.

Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes eliminates the specificity of antibody action, preventing the body from protecting against specific antigens.

Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes may result in antibodies destroying self-antigens, causing autoimmune disease.

Both "Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes eliminates the specificity of antibody action, preventing the body from protecting against specific antigens." and "Altering the variable region in the way Alan proposes may result in antibodies destroying self-antigens, causing autoimmune disease." are correct.

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A. C.

As with many other body systems, immune system function decreases with age. Which of the following statements describe(s) the effects of aging on immunity?
Select all correct answers.
A. The chance of developing an autoimmune disease increases.
B. Immunodeficiency disease is less likely to occur.
C. Cancer becomes more common.
D. Antibody production increases.

B. D. E.

The lymphatic system includes vessels and organs to transport fluids and defense elements. Which of the following statements describe(s) its development?
Select all correct statements.
A. Lymphocytes populate lymphatic tissues and organs by the fifth week of development.
B. The thymus and spleen are the first lymph organs to appear in the embryo.
C. Lymph organs are all formed from lymph nodes.
D. Shortly after birth, lymphocytes are common in lymphoid organs.
E. Lymphatic vessels are formed from veins beginning before the fifth week of development

B.

What happens to the fluid filtered from blood capillaries?
A. It is excreted in sweat.
B. It becomes interstitial fluid, enters lymphatic vessels, and is returned to the bloodstream.
C. The spleen returns the fluid to the bloodstream.
D. It is excreted as urine

D.

What tissue or organ filters lymph?
A. tonsils
B. spleen
C. Peyer's patches
D. lymph node

C.

What structures are major components of the lymphatic system?
A. lymphatic and systemic capillaries
B. lymphatic vessels and blood vessels
C. lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs
D. blood vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs

D.

What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells?
A. destroy grafted or transplanted tissues
B. act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
C. direct the activities of other immune cells
D. destroy any cancer- or virally infected cell

A.

What is the function of histamine?
A. triggers inflammatory response
B. activates complement
C. enzymatically destroys bacteria
D. triggers fever

C.

What is the function of complement proteins?
A. interfere with viral replication
B. stimulate fever
C. bind to foreign cells and punch holes in their surfaces
D. activate antibodies

D.

How do phagocytic cells protect the body from invading pathogens?
A. They activate complement proteins.
B. They secrete interferon.
C. They secrete antibodies into body fluids.
D. They remove and destroy pathogens that breach the membrane barrier.

D.

Klaus has lymph nodes that are inflamed, swollen, and tender to the touch. Which of these is the likely cause?
A. cancer elsewhere in the body
B. a bacterial infection somewhere else in the body
C. He has cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes.
D. a bacterial infection in the lymph node

C.

Why are the elderly more susceptible to infection and cancers?
A. because immune cells proliferate in old age
B. because thinning of the skin increases the number of bacteria that breach this barrier
C. because the efficiency of the immune response decreases in old age
D. because the efficiency of the immune system increases with age

B.

What lymphoid organ produces hormones that direct the maturation of T lymphocytes?
A. mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. tonsil

C.

What are the substances that activate the immune system called?
A. interferons
B. complement proteins
C. antigens
D. antibodies

A.

Which inflammatory process is triggered by histamine?
A. dilation of blood vessels
B. secretion of lysozyme
C. activation of complement
D. activation of antibodies

C.

What is the benefit of a moderate fever?
A. triggers inflammation
B. activates complement
C. inhibits bacterial growth
D. increases heart rate

B.

Which of the following is NOT found in high concentrations in pus?
A. bacteria
B. cytotoxic T cells
C. neutrophils
D. All of these are found in high concentrations in pus.

D.

A penicillin reaction is a life-threatening event. In those who are allergic to penicillin, the drug acts as a __________ that binds to blood proteins, causing a strong immune response.
A. complement
B. cytokine
C. cytotoxin
D. hapten

B. C. E.

Monoclonal antibodies are commercial preparations of a pure antibody that reacts to a single antigen. Which of these are examples of current uses of monoclonal antibodies?
Select all that apply.
A. treat rabies
B. early cancer diagnosis
C. diagnosis pregnancy
D. treat hepatitis
E. deliver drugs to fight cancer

D.

What role do plasma cells play in the immune response?
A. secrete perforins to destroy abnormal cells
B. secrete cytokines
C. present antigens to immune cells
D. secrete antibodies into body fluids

A.

What is the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
A. activate T lymphocytes
B. directly attack infected cells
C. stimulate complement fixation
D. produce antibodies

D.

What is humoral immunity?
A. response to cytokines
B. immune response of T lymphocytes
C. action of natural killer (NK) cells
D. antibody-mediated immune response

C.

What type of immunity do vaccines provide?
A. passive, artificially acquired immunity
B. passive, naturally acquired immunity
C. active, artificially acquired immunity
D. active, naturally acquired immunity

C.

Where do lymphatic vessels originate during fetal development?
A. Cells from the spleen migrate and form tubes that parallel blood vessels.
B. They bud from arterioles of the cardiovascular system.
C. They bud from veins of the cardiovascular system.
D. They grow out from lymph nodes.

B.

What antibody class is most abundant in plasma, is important in fixing complement, and crosses the placenta to provide protection to a newborn?
A. IgE
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgA

C.

What condition occurs when the body makes antibodies against self-antigens?
A. hypersensitivity
B. immunosuppression
C. autoimmune disease
D. allergy

A.

What two cell types provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity against specific foreign antigens?
A. B and T lymphocytes
B. antigen-presenting cells and B lymphocytes
C. T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
D. helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

C.

Which cells stimulate the antibody-secreting cells and cytotoxic T cells?
A. memory cells
B. plasma cells
C. helper T cells
D. regulatory cells

B.

Which of these is found on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
A. cytokines
B. fragments of foreign pathogens ingested by the cell
C. antibodies
D. self-antigen

A.

How do antibodies prevent viruses from attacking cells?
A. They bind to viral antigens and neutralize the virus particles.
B. They bind to and activate complement proteins on the viral surface.
C. They agglutinate viruses.
D. They connect viral particles together so they precipitate out.

C.

What class of antibodies functions as antigen receptors on B cells and form large complexes that can agglutinate cells?
A. IgA
B. IgE
C. IgM
D. IgG

B.

What type of T cell directly attacks infected cells?
A. plasma cells
B. cytotoxic T cells
C. helper T cells
D. regulatory T cells

D.

Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?
A. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
B. type 1 diabetes mellitus
C. multiple sclerosis (MS)
D. lung cancer

C.

Which of the following is NOT involved in acute hypersensitivity?
A. IgE antibodies
B. histamine
C. cytokinins
D. mast cells

B.

In an allergic person, which of the following would result in anaphylactic shock?
A. orally ingested antibiotic
B. bee sting
C. inhaled pollen
D. All of these would cause anaphylactic shock.

D.

HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, targets and destroys __________.
A. memory cells
B. B cells
C. cytotoxic T cells
D. helper T cells

B.

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
A. lymph nodes and tonsils
B. bone marrow and thymus
C. appendix and spleen
D. spleen and thymus

C.

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?
A. Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus
B. germinal centers of the lymph nodes
C. white pulp of the spleen
D. red pulp of the spleen

B.

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?
A. medullary cords in the medulla
B. deep in the cortex
C. germinal centers of the cortex
D. lymphoid follicles of the outer cortex

B.

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?
A. tonsils
B. Peyer's patches
C. appendix

B.

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?
A. spleen
B. thymus
C. lymph nodes

C.

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
A. adaptive defenses
B. innate internal defenses
C. innate external defenses

C.

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
A. adaptive defenses
B. innate external defenses
C. innate internal defenses

D.

What cells make antibodies?
A. memory B cells
B. memory T cells
C. cytotoxic T cells
D. plasma B cells

B.

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
A. antibody
B. an antigenic determinant
C. antigen
D. pathogen

A.

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
A. humoral immunity
B. cellular immunity
C. cell-mediated immunity

B.

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
A. antibody-mediated immunity
B. cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
C. humoral immunity

C.

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
A. macrophages
B. B cells
C. Cytotoxic T cells

C.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
A. NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells.
B. NK cells attack transplanted organs.
C. NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.
D. NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide).

C.

Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?
A. complement proteins
B. phagocytes
C. interferons
D. T lymphocytes

A.

How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
A. The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.
B. Phagocytes recognize a specific antigen on the cell surface.
C. All the foreign cells or bacteria are marked with opsonins that the phagocytes recognize.
D. The phagocytes look for the absence of "self" proteins.

B.

Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?
A. cytokines
B. complement proteins
C. interferons
D. natural killer (NK) cells

C.

Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?
A. T cells
B. interferons
C. antibodies and complement proteins
D. natural killer (NK) cells

B.

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
A. all nucleated cells
B. antigen-presenting cells

A.

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?
A. class II MHC proteins
B. class I MHC proteins

B.

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?
A. CD4
B. CD8

D.

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?
A. B cells
B. macrophages
C. dendritic cells
D. all nucleated cells

C.

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?
A. CD4 cells
B. CD6 cells
C. CD8 cells

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