"Supercity" redirects here. For other uses, see Super City.
A megalopolis () or a supercity,[1] also called a megaregion,[2] is a group of metropolitan areas which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on.[2] They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent metropolises keep their individual identities.[2] The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth.[3]
Etymology and earlier definitions[edit]
The term megalopolis, also sometimes spelled megapolis,[citation needed] is described as being of Greek origin—where it was in reported use by ancient philosophers, with regard to the "world of ideas"—by Jean Gottmann, a professor of political science at the University of Paris, and member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, who in the late 1950s and early 1960s directed "A Study of Megalopolis" for The Twentieth Century Fund.[4] Specifically, the term has earlier, specifically geographic definitions dating to 1832, when its meaning was "a metropolis," that is, "a very large, heavily populated urban complex", which is noted to derive from the Greek mégas, meaning "great", and pólis, meaning "city".[5][6] The Online Etymology Dictionary notes that the term was used "in classical times as an epithet of great cities (Athens, Syracuse, Alexandria)", that is, for the large cities of that day, and that it was the "name of a former city in Arcadia".[5]
Gottmann, in his extensive studies, applied the term megalopolis to an analysis of the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S., in particular from Boston, Massachusetts to Washington, D.C. (now commonly referred to as the Northeast Corridor).[4][7] He chose the term megalopolis in consultation with classicists, noting earlier usage "with quite different meaning" (besides by the ancients, by Lewis Mumford with regard to the general trend in history and geography "toward large cities").[4] [Mumford, in his The Culture of Cities (1938), describes their formation as the first stage in urban overdevelopment and social decline.][8] In 1994, William S. Ellis and the editors of the National Geographic, writing about the city of Boston, asserted that Gottmann's c.1961 use of the term for the Northeast megalopolis was the first specific use of the term with the refined meaning of an amalgam of multiple urban areas into a larger area.[9] Yoav Hagler, writing in 2009 for the America 2050 project of the Regional Plan Association (RPA) likewise, in introducing the term historically, states megalopolis as the antecedent of the RPA's preferred term for U.S. examples, which is "megaregion"[2] Pedagogically, the term "supercity" has been offered as a synonym for these two terms.[1]
According to Syracuse University assistant professor of architecture Lydia Kallipoliti (and her students, citing Volker Welter's Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the City of Life), the term megalopolis was coined by Patrick Geddes in his 1915 book, Cities in Evolution,[10][11][12] and that it was then used by Oswald Spengler in his 1918 book The Decline of the West.[13]
Modern definitions[edit]
A megalopolis and its synonym megaregion, following the work of Gottmann, refer to two or more roughly adjacent metropolitan areas that, through commonality of systems—e.g., of transport, economy, resources, and ecologies—experience a blurring of the boundaries between the population centers,[2] such that while some degree of separation may remain, their perception as a continuous urban area is of value, e.g., "to coordinate policy at this expanded scale".[2] Simply put, a megalopolis (or a megaregion[14]) is a clustered network of big cities. Gottmann defined its population as 25 million,[15] while Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million.[14][16] America 2050,[17] a program of the Regional Plan Association (RPA), lists 11 megaregions in the United States and Canada.
Megaregions of the United States were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E. Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech.[18] A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 "megapolitan" areas grouped into 10 megaregions.[19] The concept is based on the original "Megalopolis model".[16]
Modern interlinked ground transportation corridors, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises. Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called megaloping, a term coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau.[20]
In Brazil, the term megarregião has a legal meaning, different from the English word megaregion: mesoregions of Brazil (mesorregião) and microregions of Brazil (microrregião). In China, the official term corresponding to the meaning of "megalopolis" is '城市群' (chéngshì qún), which literally means "city cluster". City cluster '城市群' is defined as "[a]n area in which cities are relatively densely distributed in a certain region".[21][22] Until 2019, and the publication of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) guidelines, there was no clear distinction between "megalopolis" and "metropolitan area" (都市圈) in China.[23]
Africa[edit]
Egypt[edit]
- Greater Cairo: The Governorates of Cairo, Giza, Qalyubiyya and Helwan have a population of over 16 million. The area around the Nile is also very densely populated.
- Nile Delta: The Governorates of Alexandria, Beheira, Kafr el-Sheikh, Gharbia, Monufia, Qalyubiyya, Dakahlia, Damietta, Al Sharqia, and Port Said have a population of over 41 million.
South Africa[edit]
- Gauteng Province: The cities of Pretoria, Witwatersrand and Vereeniging includes the urbanised portion of Pretoria, Centurion, Midrand, Johannesburg and the Vaal Triangle, with a population of over 14 million.[24][25][26]
Morocco[edit]
- The region of El Jadida-Casablanca-Rabat-Salé-Kenitra, concentrating in a long coastal belt, has a population of more than 11 million.
Kenya[edit]
- Nairobi Metropolitan Region: The counties of Kajiado, Kiambu, Nairobi, Machakos and Murang'a, have a population of 8 million.[27]
Asia[edit]
East Asia[edit]
China[edit]
In July 2012, the Economist Intelligence Unit brought out a report that described 13 emerging megalopolises in China, highlighting the demographic and income trends that are shaping their development.[28] Eleven Chinese megalopolises (not necessarily drawn from the preceding source), are:
- Pearl River Delta Megalopolis (珠江三角洲) a.k.a. Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (粤港澳大湾区): Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Guangzhou, Foshan, Jiangmen, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Macau, Huizhou (55,000,000).[29][verification needed][30] Pan-Pearl River Delta further includes provinces adjacent to Guangdong.[citation needed]
- Yangtze Delta Megalopolis (长江三角洲): Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou, Jingjiang, Wuxi, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, Taizhou, Nantong, Huzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Jiangyin, Haimen, Zhangjiagang, Zhoushan, Ma'anshan (88,000,000).[29]
- Bohai Economic Rim (环渤海经济圈): Beijing, Shenyang, Tianjin, Dalian, Anshan, Fushun, Dandong, Sinuiju, Tangshan, Yantai, Jinan, Qinhuangdao, Qingdao, Weihai (66,400,000)[31][verification needed]
- Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone (海峡西岸经济区): Xiamen, Fuzhou, Wenzhou, Shantou, Jieyang, Chaozhou (25,000,000).[citation needed]
- Central Plain (中原): Kaifeng, Xinxiang, Zhengzhou, Luoyang (14,170,000).[citation needed]
- Central-Southern Liaoning (辽中南): Within 150 km from its center Shenyang (7.2 million), it has Fushun (3 million), Anshan (3.6 million), Benxi (1.5 million), Liaoyang (1.8 million), Yingkou (2.2 million), Panjin (1.2 million), and Tieling (3.4 million), with a total population of 23 million. And it can be further extended to Dalian (6.2 million), Fuxin (2 million) and Dandong (2.4 million).[citation needed] This area used to be the most industrialized region in China, but began to decline in the 1980s.[citation needed]
- Harbin-Changchun Megalopolis (哈长城市群), also referred to as the Northeastern Cities (东北城市群): Harbin, Qiqihar, Daqing, Changchun, Jilin City, Siping including Rason in North Korea and Vladivostok in Russia (21,832,000).[citation needed]
- Sichuan Basin (四川盆地) a.k.a. Chengyu Megalopolis (成渝都市圈): Chengdu, Chongqing, Mianyang, Deyang, Leshan, Meishan, Ziyang, Zigong, Luzhou.[citation needed]
- Greater Wuhan Megalopolis (大武汉都市圈): Wuhan, Huangshi, Xinyang, Jiujiang, Yueyang (20,000,000).[citation needed]
- Guanzhong (关中): Xi'an, Xianyang, Baoji, Weinan (16,722,000).[citation needed]
- Changzhutan Megalopolis (长株潭城市群) a.k.a. Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region (大长沙都市圈): Changsha, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan (12,994,400 in 2000).[citation needed]
Japan[edit]
Japan is made up of overlapping megapolises. The Taiheiyō Belt megapolis itself includes both the Greater Tokyo Area and Keihanshin megapoles.
- Taiheiyō Belt – Ibaraki, Saitama, Chiba,
Tokyo, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Aichi,
Gifu, Mie, Kyoto, Osaka,
Hyōgo, Wakayama, Okayama, Hiroshima,
Yamaguchi, Fukuoka, and Ōita in Japan.
(81,859,345)[32][33][citation needed]
- Greater Tokyo Area - Part of the larger Kantō region, broadly including Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan's two most populous cities. (38,000,000)[34]
- Keihanshin - Part of the larger Kansai region, includes Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe. (19,341,976)[35]
South Korea[edit]
- Seoul National Capital Area - Seoul, Incheon, Suwon, Goyang, Yongin, Seongnam, and the rest of Gyeonggi Province: (26,000,000)[36]
- Greater Busan Area - Busan, Daegu, Ulsan, Changwon, Gimhae, Pohang, Gumi, Yangsan, Jinju, Suncheon, Yeosu, etc. (13,000,000)
Taiwan[edit]
Satellite view of western Taiwan.
- West Coast of Taiwan - Taipei, New Taipei City, Keelung, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Taichung, Changhua, Chiayi, Tainan, and Kaohsiung: (18,000,000)[37]
Middle East[edit]
Iran[edit]
- Greater Tehran: A region located Tehran and Alborz provinces in central northern Iran with its influence expanding in Mazandaran, Qazvin, and Qom provinces, home for at least 15 million people, it is one of the most populous urban areas in the Greater Middle East and the surrounding regions. Tehran was a small village 200 years ago when it was first chosen as the Capital city and it has been growing at a very fast rate.[citation needed]
Turkey[edit]
Istanbul, Kocaeli, and Sakarya provinces at night
- Ista-Burs Megalopolis: In addition to the mega cities of Istanbul and Bursa; Gebze, Yalova, Kocaeli, and Adapazarı cities form a contiguous urban area.[38][39] In 2020, these provinces are home to about 21 million people.[40]
South Asia[edit]
India[edit]
- Kolkata Megalopolis[41] - Some areas of Presidency, Medinipur and Burdwan divisions. Population 100 million.
- Delhi Megalopolis[42] - National Capital Region (India). Population 46 million.
- Chennai Megalopolis[43] - Chennai Metropolitan Region, Kanchipuram, Tiruvallur, Chengalpattu and Vellore. Population 20 million.
- Maharashtra[44] - Mumbai Metropolitan Region includes cities of Mumbai, Thane, Navi Mumbai, Kalyan-Dombivali, Vasai-Virar, Panvel and surrounding towns and cities Pune Metropolitan Region includes cities of Pune, Pimpri-Chinchwad as well as nearby towns and the cities of Nashik, Aurangabad, Ahmednagar and other cities and towns in the region. Population 48 million.
- Karnataka Cities like Bangalore, Mangalore, Mysore, Hubli, Kalaburagi and other cities[45]
- Telengana and Andhra Cities like Hyderabad, Visakhapatanam, Warangal, Vijayawada, Tirupati, Guntur and other cities.[46]
- Gujarat - cities of Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Anand, Nadiad, Vadodara, Surat, Rajkot and nearby towns and cities. Population 20 million.
Southeast Asia[edit]
| 1 | Mega Manila | 40+ | Manila, Calamba, Angeles City, Baguio, Batangas, Dagupan, Olongapo, Bacoor | |
| 2 | Southeast Economic Zone | 16+ | Đồng Nai, Bình Dương, Ho Chi Minh City, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, Long An, Tiền Giang |
Philippines[edit]
Mega Manila area 50,525.48 km2 is made up of 4 Regions:
- Central Luzon (11,218,117)
- Metro Manila (12,877,253)
- Calabarzon (14,414,774)
- Mimaropa excluding Palawan (2,113,891)
Regional centers:
- San Fernando-Manila-Calamba-Calapan
Total Population of Mega Manila as of 2015: (40,624,035)[47]
Indonesia[edit]
- Jakarta metropolitan area/"Jabodetabek" (31,240,000).[48] The area comprises Jakarta Special Capital Region and surrounding satellite cities, with the name taken from the first two (or three) letters of each city's name: Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi.
Thailand[edit]
- Bay of Bangkok Economic Rim: Bangkok–Ayutthaya–Pattaya (16,000,000)
Vietnam[edit]
- Red River Delta (Hanoi, Hai Phong, Nam Định, and Hải Dương) (10,000,000)[49][50]
Europe[edit]
The Blue Banana, also known as the European Megalopolis or the Liverpool-Milan axis, is a discontinuous corridor of urbanization spreading over Western and Central Europe, with a population of around 111 million.
North America[edit]
Canada[edit]
| Quebec City–Windsor Corridor | 18.4 | 21 | 14.1% | Hamilton, Kingston, Kitchener, London, Mississauga, Montreal, Oshawa, Ottawa, Peterborough, Quebec City, Toronto, Trois-Rivières, Vaughan, Windsor | Southern Ontario, Quebec |
Mexico[edit]
| Mexico City megalopolis | 30.8 | Mexico City, Puebla, Cuernavaca, Toluca, Pachuca, Tula, Tlaxcala, Cuautla, Tulancingo | Mexico City megalopolis |
| Bajío | 11 | León, Querétaro, Aguascalientes, Celaya, Irapuato, San Juan del Río, Salamanca | Bajío |
Note: Tijuana, Mexico is part of the Southern California megalopolis.
United States[edit]
Constituent urban areas of each megalopolis are based on reckoning by a single American organization, the Regional Plan Association (RPA). The RPA definition of the Great Lakes Megalopolis includes some Canadian metropolitan areas with the United States, including some but not all major urban centres in the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor. Note that one city, Houston, is listed in two different Megalopolis regions as defined by the RPA, (the Gulf Coast and the Texas Triangle). 77% of the U.S. population lives in at least one of the megalopolises listed below.[citation needed][51][page needed]
| Arizona Sun Corridor[52][53] | 5.6 | 2% | 7.8 | 39.3% | Mesa, Phoenix, Tucson, Prescott, Scottsdale |
| Northern California | 14 | 5% | 16.4 | 17.1% | Fresno, Modesto, Oakland, San Francisco, San Jose, Stockton, Berkeley, Cupertino, Fremont, Reno, Sacramento, Santa Rosa |
| Southern California | 24.4 | 8% | 29 | 18.9% | Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Bernardino, Riverside, Bakersfield, Las Vegas, Long Beach, Anaheim, Tijuana |
| Cascadia | 12.4 | 3% | 13.5 | 8.2% | Abbotsford, Bellevue, Boise, Eugene, Everett, Portland (OR), Salem, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, Tri-Cities, Vancouver (BC), Vancouver (WA), Victoria |
| Florida | 17.3 | 6% | 21.5 | 24.3% | Jacksonville, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Sarasota, Fort Myers, Orlando, Gainesville, Palm Bay, Pensacola, West Palm Beach |
| Front Range | 5.5 | 2% | 6.9 | 26% | Albuquerque, Cheyenne, Colorado Springs, Denver, Pueblo, Salt Lake City, Santa Fe |
| Great Lakes | 59.1 | 18% | 65.7 | 10% | Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Detroit, Hamilton, Indianapolis, Louisville, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Montreal, Ottawa, Quebec City, Pittsburgh, Rochester (NY), Toronto |
| Gulf Coast | 13.4 | 4% | 16.3 | 21.6% | Baton Rouge, Corpus Christi, Houston, McAllen, Brownsville, Mobile, Gulfport, Biloxi, New Orleans, Pensacola |
| Northeast | 52.3 | 17% | 58.4 | 11.7% | Allentown-Bethlehem, Atlantic City, Baltimore, Boston, Bridgeport, Danbury, Edison, Harrisburg, Jersey City, Knowledge Corridor (Springfield and Hartford), Manchester (NH), Nashua, New Haven, New York, Newark, Norfolk, Norwalk, Philadelphia, Portland (ME), Providence, Reading, Richmond, Salisbury, Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, Stamford, Trenton, Virginia Beach, Washington, Waterbury, Wilmington, Worcester, Yonkers |
| Piedmont Atlantic | 17.6 | 6% | 21.7 | 23.3% | Atlanta, Charlotte, Research Triangle, Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill, Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Jonesboro, Greenville, Huntsville, Nashville, Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis, Birmingham, Montgomery, Clarksville, Murfreesboro, Tuscaloosa |
| Texas Triangle | 19.7 | 6% | 24.8 | 25.9% | Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio |
South America[edit]
Argentina[edit]
| Greater Buenos Aires | 14,967,000[54] | Buenos Aires; Merlo, Moreno; Quilmes; Florencio Varela, La Matanza | Lanús; Lomas de Zamora, San Martin; Avellaneda; Zárate; San Pedro; San Nicolás de los Arroyos |
Brazil[edit]
| Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo Megalopolis | +51,500,000 | São Paulo Macrometropolis and Greater Rio de Janeiro | Santos, Campinas, São José dos Campos, Sorocaba, Jundiaí, Piracicaba, Mogi Guaçu, Bragança Paulista, Volta Redonda, Barra Mansa, Pouso Alegre, Varginha and Juiz de Fora |
| São Paulo Macrometropolis | +34,500,000 | São Paulo, Campinas, São José dos Campos, Sorocaba, Jundiaí, Piracicaba, Santos | Guarulhos, Osasco, ABC Region, Mogi das Cruzes, Americana, Limeira, Rio Claro, Bragança Paulista, Itu, Itapetininga São Vicente, Guarujá, Taubaté and Pindamonhangaba |
| Greater Rio de Janeiro | +13,000,000 | Rio de Janeiro and São Gonçalo | Nova Iguaçu, Duque de Caxias, Niterói, Belford Roxo and São João de Meriti |
| Greater Belo Horizonte | +5,800,000 | Belo Horizonte and Contagem | Betim, Nova Lima and Sete Lagoas |
| Greater Porto Alegre | +4,200,000 | Porto Alegre and Canoas | São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo and Gravataí |
| Recife metropolitan area | +3,900,000 | Recife and Jaboatão dos Guararapes | Olinda, Paulista, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Camaragibe, Igarassu, São Lourenço da Mata, Abreu e Lima, Ipojuca, Moreno, Itapissuma, Ilha de Itamaracá, Araçoiaba and Goiana |
| Salvador metropolitan area | +3,900,000 | Salvador and Camaçari | São Francisco do Conde, Lauro de Freitas, Simões Filho, Candeias, Dias d'Ávila, Mata de São João, Pojuca, São Sebastião do Passé, Vera Cruz, Madre de Deus and Itaparica |
| Eixo Goiânia-Anápolis-Brasília | + 8,000,000 | Greater Goiânia and Federal District (Brazil) | Aparecida de Goiânia, Anápolis, Águas Lindas de Goiás, Brasília, Ceilândia, Goiânia, Luziânia, Samambaia, Federal District and Taguatinga |
| Greater Curitiba | + 3,500,000 | Curitiba and São José dos Pinhais | Araucária, Colombo, Fazenda Rio Grande, Lapa and Pinhais |
Colombia[edit]
The following megaregions in Colombia are expected to have nearly 93% (55 million people) of its population by 2030, up from the current 72%[citation needed]. There are currently four major megaregions in Colombia.
| Bogota National Capital Metropolis | 17,000,000 | 26,500,000 | Bogotá, Soacha, Facatativá, Chía, Tunja, Fusagasugá, Zipaquirá, Madrid, Funza, Cajicá, Ubaté, Sibaté, Guaduas, Villa de Leyva and Tocancipá |
| Pacific Belt | 9,000,000 | 14,000,000 | Medellín, Cali, Bello, Pereira, Manizales, Armenia, Itagüí, Yumbo, and Palmira |
| Northeast Atlantic Region | 6,000,000 | 10,500,000 | Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Ciénaga, Malambo, Baranoa and Turbaco |
| Santander Belt | 3,000,000 | 5,200,000 | Bucaramanga, Cúcuta, Ocaña, and Pamplona |
Other sources[56] show that another megaregion may be considered:
| Golden Triangle | 29,500,000 | 41,000,000 | Bogotá, Soacha, Medellín, Cali, Bello, Manizales, Armenia |
Chile[edit]
| Santiago-Valparaíso | +8,000,000 | Santiago, Valparaíso-Viña del Mar and Rancagua | Quillota, Quilpué, La Calera, Villa Alemana, Lampa, Los Andes |
Peru[edit]
| Lima-Callao Megalopolis | 10,523,796 | Lima and Callao | – |
Maracaibo Lake Narrows, the city of Maracaibo connected by bridge to the Eastern Coast cities.
Venezuela[edit]
| Caracas-Valencia | +9,000,000 | Caracas, Valencia, and Maracay | Los Teques, La Guaira, Cagua, Maiquetía, Guacara, La Victoria and Guatire |
| Maracaibo Lake Narrows | +3,500,000 | Maracaibo, Cabimas and Ciudad Ojeda | Lagunillas, Tiajuana, Santa Rita, La Concepción, El Moján and Los Puertos de Altagracia |
Transnational urban agglomeration[edit]
Africa[edit]
- Kinshasa–Brazzaville, a transnational megalopolis along the Congo River.
- The Abidjan–Lagos Corridor (Abidjan–Sekondi-Takoradi–Kasoa–Accra–Prampram–Lomé–Cotonou–Lagos, spanning the coasts of Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria) is expected to become a megalopolis in the 21st century, with a population of 51 million people by 2035.[57][58][59]
Asia[edit]
- SIJORI Growth Triangle: Johor Bahru–Singapore–Batam–Bintan (10,000,000)[60][61][62]
Europe[edit]
Blue, Green and Golden Bananas, Atlantic Axis and Gulf of Finland
| 1 | Blue Banana | 110–130[63] | |
| 2 | Golden Banana | 40–45[64] | |
| 3 | Green Banana | 40-45 | |
| 4 | STRING | 12.8[65] | |
| 5 | Atlantic Axis | 12[66][67] | |
| 6 | Gulf of Finland | 7 |
North America[edit]
| Cascadia | 8.4 | 8.8 | 5.0% |
|
| Great Lakes | 55.5 | 60.7 | 9.4% |
|
| Southern California | 24.4 | 29 | 18.9% |
|
In popular culture[edit]
Metropolis[edit]
Metropolis is a 1927 German expressionist science-fiction drama film directed by Fritz Lang. Written by Thea von Harbou in collaboration with Lang,[68][69] it stars Gustav Fröhlich, Alfred Abel, Rudolf Klein-Rogge and Brigitte Helm. Erich Pommer produced it in the Babelsberg Studios for Universum Film A.G. (Ufa). The silent film is regarded as a pioneering science-fiction movie, being among the first feature-length movies of that genre.[70] Filming took place over 17 months in 1925–26 at a cost of over five million Reichsmarks.[71]
Judge Dredd[edit]
In the Judge Dredd (1977) comic book series and its spinoff series, Mega-City One is a huge fictional megalopolis-size city-state covering much of what is now the Eastern United States and some of Canada. The exact geography of the city depends on which writer and artist has done which story, but from its first appearance it has been associated with New York City's urban sprawl; originally it was presented as a future New York, which was retconned as the centre of a "Mega-City One" in the very next story.[72] The Architects' Journal placed it at No. 1 in their list of "comic book cities".[73]
Blade Runner[edit]
Blade Runner is a 1982 neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos. It is a loose adaptation of Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968). The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on off-world colonies. When a fugitive group of replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down.
Sprawl trilogy[edit]
In William Gibson's Sprawl trilogy, "the Sprawl" is a colloquial name for the "Boston-Atlanta Metropolitan Axis" (BAMA), an urban sprawl environment on a massive scale, and a fictional extension of the real Northeast megalopolis. The Sprawl is a visualization of a future where virtually the entire East Coast of the United States, from Boston to Atlanta, has melded into a single mass of urban sprawl.[74] It has been enclosed in several geodesic domes and merged into one megacity. The city has become a separate world with its own climate, no real night/day cycle, and an artificial sky that is always grey.
Further reading[edit]
- Hagler, Yoav (November 2009). "Defining U.S. Megaregions" (PDF). America 2050. Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA.org. This work, while dated, is from Associate Planner Yoav Hagler of America 2050, and while not used as a source in this article, is one of the most focused articles available on the American aspects of the title subject. It includes history, methodology, and statistical and other criteria sections, and identifies the U.S. megaregions as of its publication date.
- America 2050 Staff (February 19, 2022). "Megaregions". America 2050. Archived from the original (homepage) on May 16, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA.org. Starting point for access to articles from the America 2050 effort, while it was active. Note, an earlier cited article by Matt Taylor, on urban transit issues, appears among the works linked at this home page.
See also[edit]
- Arcology
- Conurbation
- Ecumenopolis
- Ekistics
- Settlement types:
- Hamlet
- Village
- Town
- City
- Metropolis
- Classification of inhabited localities in Russia
- Global city
- Merger (politics)
- Transborder agglomeration
- Urban area
- Developed environments:
- Exurban
- Rural
- Suburban
- Urban
References[edit]
- ^ a b Fielder, W. & Feeney, Georgiana (1976). Inquiring about Cities. New York, N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Georg Von Holtzbrinck/Holt). pp. 193, 299. ISBN 9780030897849. Retrieved June 25, 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ a b c d e f Hagler, Yoav (November 2009). "Defining U.S. Megaregions" (PDF). America 2050. Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA.org. As metropolitan regions continued to expand throughout the second half of the 20th century their boundaries began to blur, creating a new scale of geography now known as the megaregion. Interlocking economic systems, shared natural resources and ecosystems, and common transportation systems link these... The challenge of identifying... emerging regions has been undertaken... The most recent iteration... has been developed by Regional Plan Association (RPA) in partnership with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Eleven such megaregions have been identified... that would make cooperative integrated planning advantageous... Th[e] tradition of geographers and planners attempting to enhance the value of geographic definitions to meet the needs of new generations continued with the first identification of a scale larger than the metro regions by French geographer Jean Gottmann in his 1961 book Megalopolis. This “Megalopolis” referred specifically to the Northeastern United States ... Regional Plan Association also identified this emerging Northeast Megaregion in the 1960s.
- ^ Caves, R.W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge (Informa/Taylor & Francis. p. 456. ISBN 9780415252256.
- ^ a b c Gottmann, Jean (1957). "Megalopolis, or the urbanization of the Northeastern Seaboard". Economic Geography. 33 (3): 189–200. doi:10.2307/142307. JSTOR 142307.
- ^ a b Harper, Douglas (February 19, 2022). "Megalopolis (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary (Etymonline.com). Tupelo, Miss.: Douglas Harper. Retrieved February 19, 2022. Harper offers the Greek genitive megalou as the precise antecedent.
- ^ In the Greek alphabet, these are μέγας and πόλις.[citation needed]
- ^ Gottmann, Jean (1961). Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States. New York, N.Y.: The Twentieth Century Fund. See also Gottmann, Jean (1954). L'Amerique. Paris, France: Hachette.[clarification needed]
- ^ "Lewis Mumford", Wikipedia, June 13, 2022, retrieved June 15, 2022
- ^ Ellis, William S. (July 1994). Sartore, Joel (photographer). ""Breaking New Ground: Boston"". National Geographic. Washington, D.C.: The National Geographic Society. 186 (1). See the "Double Map Supplement: Megalopolis", which presents a map supplement of contemporary Boston, with an image, verso, of the same region map ca. 1830.
- ^ Students of ARC 642 (2015). "Megalopolis". In Kallipoliti, Lydia (ed.). Environmental Cloud Atlas. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University School of Architecture. Retrieved February 18, 2022. Patrick Geddes coined this term in the early twentieth century... Note, this work makes other original, untested claims, including that the term is now no longer relevant, insofar as digital aspects of business have (fully) made physical geographical descriptions "outdated".[dubious – discuss] For the further information regarding the date of, and attribution of this work to Kallipoliti et al., see this link.
- ^ Welter, Volker (2003). Biopolis: Patrick Geddes and the City of Life. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.[full citation needed]
- ^ Geddes, Patrick (1915). Cities in Evolution. London: Williams & Norgate.[full citation needed]
- ^ "The Decline of the West", Wikipedia, June 10, 2022, retrieved June 15, 2022
- ^ a b "Who's Your City?: What Is a Megaregion?". March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
- ^ Gottmann, Jean (1989). Since Megalopolis. The Urban Writings of Jean Gottmann. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163.
- ^ a b "Cities: Capital for the New Megalopolis". Time. November 4, 1966. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ "About Us". America 2050. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
- ^ "Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America's New "Megapolitan" Geography" (PDF). July 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009.
- ^ "America 2040: The Rise of the Megapolitans" (PDF). January 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
- ^ Tremble, Sam (May 30, 2007). "Fumbling Toward Portland". Philadelphia City Paper. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009.
- ^ Standard for basic terminology of urban planning, Guobiao standards, T 50280—98), 1998.[full citation needed][clarification needed]
- ^ Here, the term is wrongly translated as "agglomeration".[original research?][citation needed]
- ^ National Development and Reform Commission, Guidelines on the Cultivation and Development of Modern Metropolitan Areas, 19 February 2019.[full citation needed][clarification needed]
- ^ "::Gauteng on Track to Global City-Region::". Archived from the original on October 7, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
- ^ ":: Working on Gauteng's Global City Plans ::". Archived from the original on September 24, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
- ^ "Welcome to the official South African government online site! | South African Government". Info.gov.za. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
- ^ "Cabinet Secretary names team to modernize Nairobi city transport :: Kenya - The Standard". Standardmedia.co.ke. February 23, 2015. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
- ^ "Supersized Cities: China's 13 Megalopolises". Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU.com). July 2012.
- ^ a b Vidal, John (March 22, 2010). "UN Report: World's Biggest Cities Merging into 'Mega-Regions'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
- ^ "关于长江三角洲构建世界第六大城市群的思考". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ^ "Foreign investment shows trend of "moving northward"". china-embassy.org. May 14, 2004. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
- ^ "地域活性化戦略（案）資料" (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
- ^ "2015 Population Census". Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
- ^ United Nations (March 12, 2017). "The World's Cities in 2016" (PDF). United Nations
- ^ Japan Statistics Bureau - "2010 Census", retrieved August 23, 2015
- ^ A government publication states that on 1 November 2010, the population of "Seoul Metropolitan Area" stood at 23,616 thousand, which is the sum of the figures given for Gyeonggi-do
(11,270 thousand), Seoul (9,708 thousand) and Incheon (2,638 thousand), apparently including the periphery.
Source: "Preliminary Results of the 2010 Population and Housing Census" Archived 2012-01-31 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Statistics Korea. 21 January 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011. - ^ From Urban Corridor to Megalopolis: The “Metropolization” of Taiwan, retrieved July 19, 2022
- ^ "The Real Powerhouses That Drive the World's Economy". Bloomberg.com. February 28, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
- ^ Adler, Patrick; Florida, Richard; Hartt, Maxwell (2020). "Mega Regions and Pandemics". Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie. 111 (3): 465–481. doi:10.1111/tesg.12449. ISSN 1467-9663. PMC 7361226. PMID 32834149.
- ^ "List of Cities in Turkey (Turkish)". www.nufusu.com. Retrieved August 21, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
- ^ Issues in Global Environment—Climate and Climate Change: 2013 Edition. May 2013. ISBN 9781490109657.
- ^ Kumar, Ashok (2013), "Delhi: Growing Problems of a Growing Megalopolis", in Misra, R. P. (ed.), Urbanisation in South Asia, Foundation Books, pp. 109–141, doi:10.1017/9789382993087.005, ISBN 9789382993087, retrieved August 21, 2019
- ^ "Chennai to become a megapolis, State government gives approval". The New Indian Express. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
- ^ "Mumbai set to become next Megalopolis". The Times of India. September 3, 2001. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
- ^ "Bengaluru ranked 'Fastest Mover' mega city; 28th in cleanliness | Bengaluru News - Times of India". The Times of India.
- ^ "Hyderabad to be megacity by 2030, property sales grown by 32 per cent". July 15, 2018.
- ^ "Google". Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
- ^ "Indonesia: Administrative Division". Citypopulation.de.
- ^ "广西北部湾经济区概况". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
- ^ "Chinese Cities on Beibu Gulf Increase Cooperation". Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
- ^ Regional Plan Association (2008). America 2050: An Infrastructure Vision for 21st Century America. New York: Regional Plan Association.[page needed]
- ^ "Megapolitan: Arizona's Sun Corridor". Morrison Institute for Public Policy. May 2008. Archived from the original on June 15, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
- ^ Catherine Reagor (April 9, 2006). "When Phoenix, Tucson Merge". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
- ^ "World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division". United Nations. United Nations. 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
- ^ "46 - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Brazil, 2015", Agência de Notícias - Ibge, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 28 August 2015, archived from the original on 19 December 2016, retrieved 28 August 2016
- ^ Ordóñez Burbano, Luis A. (2007). Universidad del Valle 60 años 1945-2005: Atando cabos en clave de memoria. Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia: Universidad del Valle. p. 58. OCLC 645219600
- ^ "Megalopolis: how coastal west Africa will shape the coming century". the Guardian. October 27, 2022.
- ^ Choplin, Armelle; Hertzog, Alice (September 4, 2020). "The West African corridor from Abidjan to Lagos: a megacity-region under construction". Handbook of Megacities and Megacity-Regions: 206–222. doi:10.4337/9781788972703.00021. ISBN 9781788972703. S2CID 225334156 – via www.elgaronline.com.
- ^ O'Meara, Patrick; Mehlinger, Howard D.; Krain, Matthew; Newman, Roxana Ma (June 22, 2000). Globalization and the Challenges of a New Century: A Reader. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253028181 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Population and Population Structure - Latest Data".
- ^ "Johor Population, 1955-2021". knoema.com. October 30, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
- ^ "Batam · Population".
- ^ Ina Schmidt. "The European Blue Banana". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
- ^ Pedrazzini, Luisa; Akiyama, Renata Satiko (2011). From Territorial Cohesion to the New Regionalized Europe. ISBN 9788838760341. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
- ^ "About | STRING". STRING. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ Lois-González, Rubén C. (7 October 2004). "A Model of Spanish-portuguese Urban Growth: the Atlantic Axis". Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. p. 7(287). Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ "Eixo Atlántico". eixoatlantico.
- ^ Magid, Annette M. (Summer 2006). "Better than the Book: Fritz Lang's Interpretation of Thea von Harbou's Metropolis" (PDF). Spaces of Utopia. No. 2. Universidade do Porto. pp. 129–149. ISSN 1646-4729. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
- ^ Grant, Barry Keith, ed. (2003). Fritz Lang: Interviews. Conversations with Filmmakers Series. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. 14. ISBN 9781578065776.
- ^ "Metropolis (1927)" Science Fiction Film History. Retrieved 15 May 2013. Quote: "Although the first science fiction film is generally agreed to be Georges Méliès' A Trip To The Moon (1902), Metropolis (1926) is the first feature length outing of the genre."
- ^ Hahn, Ronald M. and Jansen, Volker (1998) Die 100 besten Kultfilme [The 100 best cult movies] Munich: Heyne Filmbibliothek. p.396. ISBN 3-453-86073-X (German)
- ^ 2000 AD No. 2 and 3
- ^ Top 10 comic book cities: #1 Mega City One, Architects' Journal, July 8, 2009
- ^ Markoff, John (November 25, 1990). "Ideas & Trends; Art Invents A Jarring New World From Technology". The New York Times. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
External links[edit]
Look up megalopolis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 revision" (PDF).