Why is the action potential necessary for the release of neurotransmitters Quizlet

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What is the physiological purpose of a refractory period?

to enforce one-way transmission of the action potential

Which of the following neurons would conduct an action potential the fastest?

myelinated axon with 2mm diameter

What happens at the axon terminal that causes the synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter?

voltage-gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the synaptic terminal

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor on the post-synaptic membrane?

a graded potential is produced

Acetylcholine can be excitatory or inhibitory. True or False?

True

A chemical messenger released from a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor on a postsynaptic membrane. The receptor activates an internal cascade of events that leads the postsynaptic neuron to make more neurotransmitters. No change in membrane potential occurs. How would you categorize this chemical messenger?

a neuromodulator

The neurotransmitter glycine binds to its receptor and chloride channels open in the membrane. Chloride is a negative ion that enters the cell. We can therefore say that glycine causes:

an IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

Two inputs arrive at a postsynaptic cell simultaneously. One input is an EPSP and the other is an IPSP. These inputs cancel each other out and there is no change in the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential. What type of summation occurs?

spatial

A neuron terminates onto another neuron's axon and secretes serotonin onto the synaptic bulb. The serotonin increases calcium levels in the synaptic bulb. What effect does this axo-axonal input have on neurotransmission?

it facilitates it

The central nervous system includes:

The brain and cranial nerves.
The brain and spinal cord.
The spinal cord and spinal nerves.
The brain and the special sensory organs (i.e., the eye).

The brain and spinal cord.

Which of the following is mismatched?

central nervous system - brain
autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
peripheral nervous system - spinal nerves
somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS
peripheral nervous system - sensory and motor divisions

somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS

Which of the following is a function of an astrocyte?

maintaining the blood brain barrier.
axon guidance during neuronal development.
creating a framework for the other cells, like neurons.
controlling the interstitial environment surrounding the neurons.
all of the above.

all of the above

_____________ cells line the ventricles of the brain and form _____________.

astrocytes, myelin.
oligodendrocytes, myelin.
ependymal cells, cerebrospinal fluid.
astrocytes, cerebrospinal fluid.

ependymal cells, cerebrospinal fluid.

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?

Schwann cells form myelin; oligodendrocytes do not.
Oligodendrocytes are only found in the PNS; Schwann cells are only found in the CNS.
Schwann cells form sheaths around several axons, while oligodendrocytes form sheaths around only one axon.
Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.
None of these choices are true differences.

Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.

The location in a neuron where nissl bodies, large clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum that stain darkly, are located; also known as the "gray matter."

soma or body
axon
dendrites
nodes of ranvier

soma or body

If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut

ganglia.
nuclei.
nerves.
gray matter.
nerve tracts.

nerves

What creates the "white matter" in the brain?

tracts of myelinated axons.
nuclei - regions dense in neuronal cell bodies
tracts of unmyelinated axons
astrocytes

tracts of myelinated axons.

One example of a bipolar neuron is:

a motor neuron in the spinal cord with multiple dendrites and a single axon.
a sensory neuron in the dorsal root ganglion with a single branch from its soma.
an olfactory neuron with a cell body that has one dendrite and one axon extension.
an interneuron in the brain with no axon.

an olfactory neuron with a cell body that has one dendrite and one axon extension.

Put the following events of synaptic transmission in order.

1. action potential causes the release of neurotransmitter
2. neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft
3. neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell
4. membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases
5. sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential

Voltage-gated ion channels:

a.are only found in neurons and muscle cells.
b.open when a ligand binds to them.
c.open at a specific voltage.
d.Both a and c are correct.
e.all of the above are correct.

d.Both a and c are correct.

A decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca 2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would

enhance transmission across the synapse.
reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse.
have no effect on transmission across the synapse.
alter receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
increase exocytosis.

reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse.

Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a(an)

excitatory postsynaptic potential.
resting membrane potential.
inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
gap junction potential.
action potential.

inhibitory postsynaptic potential.

Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that

once one action potential is created, it moves down the axon.
the whole axon depolarizes at the same time.
one action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent site.
an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.

an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.

The speed of an action potential depends upon

whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated.
thickness of the myelin sheath.
the diameter of the axon.
All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following events is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?

The plasma membrane becomes highly permeable to sodium ions and depolarization results.
As sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative.
At the peak of depolarization, sodium channels begin to close and potassium channels open.
In repolarization, potassium ions flow out of the cell.
Action potentials occur according to the all-or-none principle.

As sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative.

The repolarization of a neuron is due to:

sodium entering.
potassium entering.
potassium exiting.
chloride entering.

potassium exiting.

What happens when an excitatory graded input causes a neuron to reach the "threshold" voltage?

voltage-gated sodium channels open.
it fires an action potential.
it enters the refractory period.
all of the above.

all of the above.

In the cholinergic synapse, found in the neuromuscular junction, the neurotransmitter _____________ is released into the synapse and binds to a receptor that is also a(n) ___________________.

A single synaptic terminal releases neurotransmitters onto a neuron repeatedly and their effects add together.
summation occurring from the additive effects of multiple synapses firing simultaneously at different locations.
two different neurotransmitters get released from the same axon terminal.
an axon terminal releases two vesicles containing neurotransmitters.

A single synaptic terminal releases neurotransmitters onto a neuron repeatedly and their effects add together.

A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the

medulla oblongata

A stroke patient suffered bleeding in her brain. Specifically, her occipital lobe was damaged. Which of the following symptoms are most likely present?

blindness

An individual who has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures may have a dysfunction of the

hypothalamus

Arrange the following in order from the diencephalon downward.(1) spinal cord(2) midbrain(3) medulla(4) pons

2, 4, 3, 1

Cerebral white matter contains mostly ____________ and includes the ____________, which is the largest commissure connecting the left and right side of the brain.

axons, corpus callosum

The central sulcus separates the

frontal and parietal lobes

The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the

cortex

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ____________ lobe and receives information from sensory receptors in the _____________.

temporal, ear

The thickest of the meninges is the

dura mater

Which of the following is false?

The posterior horn of the cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons.

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found around the spinal cord?

subarachnoid space

Initiating the withdrawal reflex in both legs at the same time would cause one to

fall

Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?

interneuron

A primary sensory neuron collecting information about touch from the skin of the left foot has a cell body (soma) within the____________________. The peripheral axon of this neuron can be found in the ___________________.

dorsal root ganglion, ventral ramus

All stretch reflexes are _____________ and _________________.

monosynaptic, ipsilateral

The ___________________ receptor detects the tension of a muscle and prevent muscles and tendons from tearing by causing a muscle to relax.

tendon organs

A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has caused dysfunction of the precentral gyrus of his right cerebral cortex. As a result.

he cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg

All of the following descriptions refer to dorsal colmun-medial lemniscal ascending pathways except

their connections are diffuse and poorly localized

The large onion shaped receptors that are found deep in the dermis and in subcutaneous tissue and that respond to deep pressure are

Pacinian (lamellar) corpuscles

Proprioceptors include all of the following except

epithelial tactile complexes

Which sensory receptor is responsible for discriminative touch?

meissner's corpuscles

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers is the

perineurium

Which indirect pathway carries information essential to maintaining posture and balance?

vestibulospinal tract

The following information about the direct motor pathways is true except

upper motor neuron is extrapyramidal

The spinocerebellar sensory pathway decussates

it does not decussate

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