Show  IntroductionCraik & Tulving wanted to test whether the level of processing affected how well we remember information. By "depth of processing", we mean, the way in which a person thinks about a piece of information, for example, a shallow level of processing of a word would be to skim over a sentence and to understand the sentence without dwelling on the individual word. In this way, we have processed the meaning of the word, but only in order to understand the sentence. A deeper level of processing, on the other hand, would be to look at the word by itself, outside of a sentence, and to think of what the word means; maybe even what other words rhyme with it. This way, we are also more likely to remember it. Memory TheoriesHow Craik & Tulving set out to test level of processingIn 1975, the researchers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a list of 60 words. They were then asked to recall certain words by being shown one of three questions, each testing a different level of processing, similar to:
Out of another larger list, the participants were asked to pick out the appropriate word, as the original words had been mixed into this list. FindingsCraik & Tulving found that participants were better able to recall words which had been processed more deeply - that is, processed semantically, supporting level of processing theory. Evaluation of this experiment
More on Craik & Lockhart's Levels of Processing theory is available here More Memory Theories:Multi-Store Model: A popular explanation of how we remember. Multi-Store Model Miller's Magic Number: How many chunks of information can our memories store? Magic Number Working Memory Model: Do our memories work to process information? Working Memory Model Forgetting & Recall: A look at how psychologists think information can be 'forgotten' and retrieved Memory Decay (Peterson & Peterson, 1959): How fast does our Short-term Memory Decay? Memory Improvement TechniquesRemember lists of information: Use the Luria method and convert lists to journeys. Read more... Memorizing phone numbers: Discover this popular mnemonics technique: the Pegword Method Need to remember anything else? The Retentive Method is a powerful method. What is the levels of processing theory of memory?The Levels of Processing model, created by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing. Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longer-lasting, and stronger memory traces than shallow levels of analysis.
What does the levels of processing theory suggest?The levels of processing effect suggests that in the long-run, repetition is insufficient for long-term memory. Instead, we must encode information semantically, by relating it to other ideas and knowledge. This encodes the information on a deep level and is a more effective studying technique.
What type of processing works best for remembering?Deep processing involves elaboration rehearsal which involves a more meaningful analysis (e.g. images, thinking, associations etc.) of information and leads to better recall. For example, giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge.
What are the 3 stages of memory in theory?Stages of Memory Creation
The brain has three types of memory processes: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
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According to levels-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider
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