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 Under a Creative Commons license Open access Highlights• We reviewed empirically-based studies of sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research. •We confirmed qualitative studies can reach saturation at relatively small sample sizes. •Results show 9–17 interviews or 4–8 focus group discussions reached saturation. •Most studies had a relatively homogenous study population and narrowly defined objectives. AbstractObjectiveTo review empirical studies that assess saturation in qualitative research in order to identify sample sizes for saturation, strategies used to assess saturation, and guidance we can draw from these studies. MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of four databases to identify studies empirically assessing sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research, supplemented by searching citing articles and reference lists. ResultsWe identified 23 articles that used empirical data (n = 17) or statistical modeling (n = 6) to assess saturation. Studies using empirical data reached saturation within a narrow range of interviews (9–17) or focus group discussions (4–8), particularly those with relatively homogenous study populations and narrowly defined objectives. Most studies had a relatively homogenous study population and assessed code saturation; the few outliers (e.g., multi-country research, meta-themes, “code meaning” saturation) needed larger samples for saturation. ConclusionsDespite varied research topics and approaches to assessing saturation, studies converged on a relatively consistent sample size for saturation for commonly used qualitative research methods. However, these findings apply to certain types of studies (e.g., those with homogenous study populations). These results provide strong empirical guidance on effective sample sizes for qualitative research, which can be used in conjunction with the characteristics of individual studies to estimate an appropriate sample size prior to data collection. This synthesis also provides an important resource for researchers, academic journals, journal reviewers, ethical review boards, and funding agencies to facilitate greater transparency in justifying and reporting sample sizes in qualitative research. Future empirical research is needed to explore how various parameters affect sample sizes for saturation. KeywordsSample size Saturation Qualitative research Interviews Focus group discussions Cited by (0)© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Purpose Qualitative researchers have been criticised for not justifying sample size decisions in their research. This short paper addresses the issue of which sample sizes are appropriate… DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
According to most researchers carrying out qualitative researches, adequacy of sample size is a key marker for the research’s quality. However, there is no consensus with respect to the exact size of… SHOWING 1-10 OF 54 REFERENCES Sample size in qualitative research.
Determining adequate sample size in qualitative research is ultimately a matter of judgment and experience in evaluating the quality of the information collected against the uses to which it will be put, the particular research method and purposeful sampling strategy employed, and the research product intended. Qualitative data analysis
There are some common threads that run across most of these common threads in the analysis of qualitative research, and this Research Made Simple piece will focus on some of them. Case study research
The comprehensive and accessible nature of this collection will make it an essential and lasting handbook for researchers and students studying organizations. Qualitative research & evaluation methods
This book explains clearly conceptual issues and themes on qualitative research and evaluaton methods including: qualitative data, triangulated inquiry, qualitative inquiry, constructivism,… Does sample size matter in qualitative research?It has previously been recommended that qualitative studies require a minimum sample size of at least 12 to reach data saturation (Clarke & Braun, 2013; Fugard & Potts, 2014; Guest, Bunce, & Johnson, 2006) Therefore, a sample of 13 was deemed sufficient for the qualitative analysis and scale of this study.
Why is sample size important in qualitative research?A sample size should be large enough to sufficiently describe the phenomenon of interest, and address the research question at hand. But at the same time, a large sample size risks having repetitive data. The goal of qualitative research should thus be the attainment of saturation.
What is the minimum sample size for qualitative interviewing?Qualitative research in general
35) suggests that the smallest acceptable qualitative sample size is 15 interviews.
How many interviews is enough for qualitative research?While some experts in qualitative research avoid the topic of “how many” interviews “are enough,” there is indeed variability in what is suggested as a minimum. An extremely large number of articles, book chapters, and books recommend guidance and suggest anywhere from 5 to 50 participants as adequate.
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Does sample size matter in qualitative research a review of qualitative interviews in IS research
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