The drudge theory of exceptional achievement proposes that eminence in a field depends on

Presentation on theme: "The Dynamics of Intelligence Stability or change? Extremes of Intelligence."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Dynamics of Intelligence Stability or change? Extremes of Intelligence

2 Does Intelligence Change Over Time? The Stability of Intelligence

3 Does Intelligence Change Over Time? By age 3-4, a child’s performance on intelligence tests (IQ) can predict their adolescent and adult scores. By age 3-4, a child’s performance on intelligence tests (IQ) can predict their adolescent and adult scores. After about age 7, IQ scores stabilize. The consistency of scores over time increases with the age of the child. After about age 7, IQ scores stabilize. The consistency of scores over time increases with the age of the child. Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid. Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.

4 Figure 10.9 Intelligence endures Myers: Psychology, Ninth Edition Copyright © 2010 by Worth Publishers When Ian Dreary and his colleagues (2004) retested 80-year-old Scots, using an intelligence test they had taken as 11-year-olds, their scores across seven decades correlated +.66

5 Figure 10.10 Living smart Myers: Psychology, Ninth Edition Copyright © 2010 by Worth Publishers Women scoring in the highest 25 percent on the Scottish national intelligence test at age 11 tended to live longer than those who scored in the lowest 25 percent.

6 Extremes of Intelligence

7 A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes: the mentally retarded (IQ 70 or below) and individuals with high intelligence (IQ 130 or above). These two groups are significantly different.

8 Extremes of Intelligence – Mental Retardation Diagnosis: Diagnosis: Based on IQ and adaptive testing Based on IQ and adaptive testing Mental Retardation refers to sub-average general mental ability (2 or more standard deviations below mean, or IQ<70-75) accompanied by deficits in adaptive skills, originating before 18. Mental Retardation refers to sub-average general mental ability (2 or more standard deviations below mean, or IQ<70-75) accompanied by deficits in adaptive skills, originating before 18. Four Levels: Four Levels: Retardation may be mild, moderate, severe, or profound. Retardation may be mild, moderate, severe, or profound. The vast majority of people with mental retardation have mild mental retardation (85% are mild) and are not easily distinguished from the rest of the population. The vast majority of people with mental retardation have mild mental retardation (85% are mild) and are not easily distinguished from the rest of the population.

9 Figure 9.10: The prevalence and severity of mental retardation. The overall prevalence of mental retardation is 2%–3% of the school-age general population. The vast majority (85%) of the retarded population falls in the mildly retarded category (IQ: 51–70). Only about 15% of the retarded population falls into the subcategories of moderate, severe, or profound retardation.

10 The History of the Mentally Retarded Throughout most of history, no special attention has been given to the mildly retarded. They lived a life of manual labor and poverty, sometimes rejected by family and community. Throughout most of history, no special attention has been given to the mildly retarded. They lived a life of manual labor and poverty, sometimes rejected by family and community. In ancient and medieval times, the more severely retarded were frequently abandoned and left to die of exposure or starvation, or to be killed by animals. In ancient and medieval times, the more severely retarded were frequently abandoned and left to die of exposure or starvation, or to be killed by animals. Into the 16 th and 17 th centuries, severely retarded children were often thought to be divine punishment of the parents, or possessed by Satan. Into the 16 th and 17 th centuries, severely retarded children were often thought to be divine punishment of the parents, or possessed by Satan. As society became somewhat more humane, institutions for the “feeble-minded” were established. They lived out their short lives in drab and often punitive surroundings. As society became somewhat more humane, institutions for the “feeble-minded” were established. They lived out their short lives in drab and often punitive surroundings. The situation for the mentally retarded began improving in the 1960s. President Kennedy spoke for the retarded, and was instrumental in making funds available for research on retardation and education for the retarded. The situation for the mentally retarded began improving in the 1960s. President Kennedy spoke for the retarded, and was instrumental in making funds available for research on retardation and education for the retarded.

11 Mental Retardation Mentally retarded individuals required constant supervision a few decades ago, but with a supportive family environment and special education they can now care for themselves.

12 Intelligence as the Capacity to Adapt It is important to remember that intelligence is not simply based upon one’s IQ score, but also it is reflected in one’s ability to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to use knowledge to adapt to new situations. It is important to remember that intelligence is not simply based upon one’s IQ score, but also it is reflected in one’s ability to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to use knowledge to adapt to new situations. For example: For example: Robert J. Gregory presents the case history of a moderately retarded 61 year old newspaper vendor who, although well-known to community mental health professionals, managed his own affairs with minimal supervision. Both eccentric and fiercely independent, he stored canned goods in his freezer and swore at case workers who stopped by to inquire into his wellbeing. Robert J. Gregory presents the case history of a moderately retarded 61 year old newspaper vendor who, although well-known to community mental health professionals, managed his own affairs with minimal supervision. Both eccentric and fiercely independent, he stored canned goods in his freezer and swore at case workers who stopped by to inquire into his wellbeing. He maintained his fragile independence and tenuous adaptation to his environment by selling papers from a street-side newsstand. The papers cost a quarter, which he recognized as proper payment. He also had learned that three quarters were proper change for a dollar. He refused payment other than a quarter or a dollar—an arrangement his customers had learned to live with. He maintained his fragile independence and tenuous adaptation to his environment by selling papers from a street-side newsstand. The papers cost a quarter, which he recognized as proper payment. He also had learned that three quarters were proper change for a dollar. He refused payment other than a quarter or a dollar—an arrangement his customers had learned to live with. However, one day the price of a newspaper increased to 35 cents. He now had to learn to deal with nickels and dimes as well as quarters and dollars. The amount of learning required to adapt to this new environmental demand exceeded his intellectual abilities and, sadly, he was soon out of business. However, one day the price of a newspaper increased to 35 cents. He now had to learn to deal with nickels and dimes as well as quarters and dollars. The amount of learning required to adapt to this new environmental demand exceeded his intellectual abilities and, sadly, he was soon out of business.

13 Table 9-2, p. 349

14 The Causes of Mental Retardation Biological – Biological – Many organic conditions can cause retardation, as 350 biological conditions that can cause mental retardation have been identified. Many organic conditions can cause retardation, as 350 biological conditions that can cause mental retardation have been identified. Diagnosticians are, however, only able to pin down a specific organic cause in only about 25% of cases. Diagnosticians are, however, only able to pin down a specific organic cause in only about 25% of cases. Environmental – Environmental – Cases of unknown origin tend to involve mild retardation and are believed to be mainly caused by unfavorable environmental factors. Cases of unknown origin tend to involve mild retardation and are believed to be mainly caused by unfavorable environmental factors. Environmental theories hold that unfavorable environmental factors may contribute to the development of mild mental retardation; things like neglect, inadequate nutrition and medical care, and lower quality schooling. Environmental theories hold that unfavorable environmental factors may contribute to the development of mild mental retardation; things like neglect, inadequate nutrition and medical care, and lower quality schooling. A good example of this is Sherman and Key’s study of the Hollow Children. See http://books.google.com/books?id=c- pgGnPEUwMC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=the+Hollow+Children+ IQ&source=bl&ots=9FpmazBjNF&sig=IhdCb4y9b72Ne49TSpLp0 A97PLU&hl=en&ei=yB9nS6qrC4baNrGRuTg&sa=X&oi=book_res ult&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q= the%20Hollow%20Children%20IQ&f=false for more information. A good example of this is Sherman and Key’s study of the Hollow Children. See http://books.google.com/books?id=c- pgGnPEUwMC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=the+Hollow+Children+ IQ&source=bl&ots=9FpmazBjNF&sig=IhdCb4y9b72Ne49TSpLp0 A97PLU&hl=en&ei=yB9nS6qrC4baNrGRuTg&sa=X&oi=book_res ult&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q= the%20Hollow%20Children%20IQ&f=false for more information.http://books.google.com/books?id=c- pgGnPEUwMC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=the+Hollow+Children+ IQ&source=bl&ots=9FpmazBjNF&sig=IhdCb4y9b72Ne49TSpLp0 A97PLU&hl=en&ei=yB9nS6qrC4baNrGRuTg&sa=X&oi=book_res ult&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q= the%20Hollow%20Children%20IQ&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=c- pgGnPEUwMC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=the+Hollow+Children+ IQ&source=bl&ots=9FpmazBjNF&sig=IhdCb4y9b72Ne49TSpLp0 A97PLU&hl=en&ei=yB9nS6qrC4baNrGRuTg&sa=X&oi=book_res ult&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q= the%20Hollow%20Children%20IQ&f=false

15 Figure 9.11: Social class and mental retardation. This graph charts the prevalence of mild retardation (IQ 60 to 69) and more severe forms of retardation (IQ below 50) in relation to social class. Severe forms of retardation are distributed pretty evenly across the social classes, a finding that is consistent with the notion that they are the product of biological aberrations that are equally likely to strike anyone. In contrast, the prevalence of mild retardation is greatly elevated in the lower social classes, a finding that meshes with the notion that mild retardation is largely a product of unfavorable environmental factors. (Data from Popper and Steingard, 1994)

16 Savant Syndrome Remember that Howard Gardner developed his theory of multiple intelligences based partly on his work with savants. Remember that Howard Gardner developed his theory of multiple intelligences based partly on his work with savants. Savant Syndrome: a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill Savant Syndrome: a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill 4 in 5 are male, and many have autism 4 in 5 are male, and many have autism Dustin Hoffman’s character in the movie Rain Man was based on a real-life savant named Kim Peek. More on him later… http://www.traileraddict.co m/trailer/rain-man/trailer

17 What’s In A Name? A Lot! When the condition was first described in 1887, the person with the syndrome was called an “idiot savant,” with “idiot” referring to a level of intelligence below 25 and “savant” meaning a learned person. The term “idiot” was improper from the beginning simply because the savant’s intelligence is above 25, usually in the range of 40 to 70. Understandably, some have found this label offensive. When the condition was first described in 1887, the person with the syndrome was called an “idiot savant,” with “idiot” referring to a level of intelligence below 25 and “savant” meaning a learned person. The term “idiot” was improper from the beginning simply because the savant’s intelligence is above 25, usually in the range of 40 to 70. Understandably, some have found this label offensive. Some have suggested that the term “autistic savant” be used instead, but that is also problematic because not all savants are autistic (findings indicate that 50% of savants are autistic; the remaining 50% suffer some other developmental disability, mental retardation, brain disease, or injury). Some have suggested that the term “autistic savant” be used instead, but that is also problematic because not all savants are autistic (findings indicate that 50% of savants are autistic; the remaining 50% suffer some other developmental disability, mental retardation, brain disease, or injury). Currently, researchers in the area advocate the use of the term “savant syndrome.” Currently, researchers in the area advocate the use of the term “savant syndrome.”

18 Examples of Individuals with Savant Syndrome George and his identical twin brother Charles can give you the day of the week for any date over a span of 80,000 years. Ask them to identify the years in the next two centuries in which Easter will fall on March 23 and they will give correct answers with lightning speed. The twin brothers can describe the weather on any day of their adult life. At the same time, they are unable to add or count to 30, and they cannot figure change from a $10 bill for a $6 purchase. George and his identical twin brother Charles can give you the day of the week for any date over a span of 80,000 years. Ask them to identify the years in the next two centuries in which Easter will fall on March 23 and they will give correct answers with lightning speed. The twin brothers can describe the weather on any day of their adult life. At the same time, they are unable to add or count to 30, and they cannot figure change from a $10 bill for a $6 purchase. Ellen, also a musical genius, constructs complicated chords to accompany music she hears on the radio. She was able to repeat the soundtrack of the musical Evita after hearing it only once, transposing orchestra and chorus to her piano by using complex, precise chords, including intense dissonances, to reproduce mob and crowd noises. Ellen is blind and has an intelligence score of less than 50. Ellen, also a musical genius, constructs complicated chords to accompany music she hears on the radio. She was able to repeat the soundtrack of the musical Evita after hearing it only once, transposing orchestra and chorus to her piano by using complex, precise chords, including intense dissonances, to reproduce mob and crowd noises. Ellen is blind and has an intelligence score of less than 50.

19 Examples of Individuals with Savant Syndrome – Kim Peek Kim Peek_Idiot Savant_Rain Man_ Watch at home: http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=dh cQG_KItZM http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=dh cQG_KItZM Kim Peek Real Rain Man at Las Positas College, Livermore, CAKim Peek Real Rain Man at Las Positas College, Livermore, CA Watch at home: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jL0S thoRMC8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jL0S thoRMC8 _ possible Jeopardy champ_YES he can reason- he has debates__ possible Jeopardy champ_YES he can reason- he has debates_ Watch at home: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfDEAIs zuQI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfDEAIs zuQI

20 Examples of Individuals with Savant Syndrome – Flo and Kay The rainman twins (part 1_6)The rainman twins (part 1_6) Watch at home: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67u__K2XDNshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67u__K2XDNs

21 Examples of Individuals with Savant Syndrome – Alonzo Clemons Savant syndrome, Beautiful mindsSavant syndrome, Beautiful minds Watch at home: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkDMaJ-wZmQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkDMaJ-wZmQ

22 How Do You DO That? Although savants are aware of their talents, they cannot explain how they work. Although savants are aware of their talents, they cannot explain how they work. Alonzo Clemons, a retarded Denver man whose animal sculptures fetch upwards of $45,000, simply says God gave him his talent. Alonzo Clemons, a retarded Denver man whose animal sculptures fetch upwards of $45,000, simply says God gave him his talent. Robert Black, a “calendar calculator” who can figure out the day of the week on which your birthday will fall in 3314, explains, “I got a good mind.” Robert Black, a “calendar calculator” who can figure out the day of the week on which your birthday will fall in 3314, explains, “I got a good mind.” Bernard Rimland, director of the Institute for Child Behavior Research in San Diego, notes that “sometimes savants give explanations that are meaningful only to them— things like, ‘Because eleven.’ ” Bernard Rimland, director of the Institute for Child Behavior Research in San Diego, notes that “sometimes savants give explanations that are meaningful only to them— things like, ‘Because eleven.’ ”

23 The Other End of the Spectrum Giftedness Young Nirav Gathani made exam history in England when he became the youngest student to pass the General Certificate of Secondary Education at age 7. As amazing as this feat was, it is hard to say whether Nirav will go on to achieve eminence, which typically requires a combination of exceptional intelligence, motivation, and creativity.

24 Extremes of Intelligence - Giftedness Identifying Giftedness Identifying Giftedness In practice, efforts to identify gifted children focus almost exclusively on IQ scores, with a score of 130 as the typical minimum (IQ 2 standard deviations above mean). In practice, efforts to identify gifted children focus almost exclusively on IQ scores, with a score of 130 as the typical minimum (IQ 2 standard deviations above mean). There are discrepancies between ideals and practice regarding how gifted children are identified in the U.S. Usually, identification occurs based on IQ of 130 or higher, although creativity, leadership, and special talents are recommended for use in identification as well. There are discrepancies between ideals and practice regarding how gifted children are identified in the U.S. Usually, identification occurs based on IQ of 130 or higher, although creativity, leadership, and special talents are recommended for use in identification as well. Gifted programs have created controversy Gifted programs have created controversy

25 Identifying Giftedness, cont. GiftednessGiftedness (Watch at home: http://ap-psychology- 1st.grandblanc.high.schoolfusion.us/modules/locker/files/group_files.phtml?gid=1316804&parent=5785170&msg_notify=File+uploa ded.&sessionid=9045a914f806debf40f8fbab07edca24)http://ap-psychology- 1st.grandblanc.high.schoolfusion.us/modules/locker/files/group_files.phtml?gid=1316804&parent=5785170&msg_notify=File+uploa ded.&sessionid=9045a914f806debf40f8fbab07edca24

26 Social Adjustment and Future Success in the Gifted Gifted individuals are often stereotyped as weak, sickly, socially inept, and emotionally troubled “bookworms.” Gifted individuals are often stereotyped as weak, sickly, socially inept, and emotionally troubled “bookworms.” However, for the most part, gifted children tend to be above average in social and emotional maturity. However, for the most part, gifted children tend to be above average in social and emotional maturity. Lewis Terman initiated a study in the early 1920’s with 1500 children with IQs of 150 or higher. These children were followed throughout their lives. As a group, these subjects exhibited better than average physical health, emotional stability, and social satisfaction through their adult years. Lewis Terman initiated a study in the early 1920’s with 1500 children with IQs of 150 or higher. These children were followed throughout their lives. As a group, these subjects exhibited better than average physical health, emotional stability, and social satisfaction through their adult years. Ellen Winner (1997) claims that a distinction needs to be made between moderately gifted (IQ 130-150) and profoundly gifted (IQ above 180) individuals, asserting that profoundly gifted children are often introverted and isolated. Ellen Winner (1997) claims that a distinction needs to be made between moderately gifted (IQ 130-150) and profoundly gifted (IQ above 180) individuals, asserting that profoundly gifted children are often introverted and isolated.

27 Social Adjustment and Future Success in the Gifted Although gifted children tend to be successful in life, very few go on to make genius-level contributions. Although gifted children tend to be successful in life, very few go on to make genius-level contributions. Studies of giftedness and achievement in life suggest that more than IQ determines high achievement. Studies of giftedness and achievement in life suggest that more than IQ determines high achievement. Renzulli (2002) – intersection of three factors Renzulli (2002) – intersection of three factors Joseph Renzulli theorizes that there is a more rare form of giftedness, based in an intersection of 3 factors, that leads to genuine greatness…high intelligence, high creativity, and high motivation. Joseph Renzulli theorizes that there is a more rare form of giftedness, based in an intersection of 3 factors, that leads to genuine greatness…high intelligence, high creativity, and high motivation. Simonton (2001) – drudge theory and inborn talent Simonton (2001) – drudge theory and inborn talent Drudge theory is captured in the reaction of one talented violinist after a critic termed him a genius – “A genius! For 37 years I’ve practiced fourteen hours a day, and now they call me a genius!” – While clearly obsessive hard work is important in this case, it can be argued that inborn ability allowed him to work harder because he found his efforts more rewarding. Simonton proposes an elaborate theory of talent development that gives roles to both innate ability and environmental factors. Drudge theory is captured in the reaction of one talented violinist after a critic termed him a genius – “A genius! For 37 years I’ve practiced fourteen hours a day, and now they call me a genius!” – While clearly obsessive hard work is important in this case, it can be argued that inborn ability allowed him to work harder because he found his efforts more rewarding. Simonton proposes an elaborate theory of talent development that gives roles to both innate ability and environmental factors.

28 Parents Pushing Giftedness – “Hothouse Babies” Hothouse BabiesHothouse Babies (Watch at home: http://ap-psychology- 1st.grandblanc.high.schoolfusion.us/modules/locker/files/group_files.phtml?gid=1316804&parent=5785170&msg_notify=File+uploa ded.&sessionid=9045a914f806debf40f8fbab07edca24)http://ap-psychology- 1st.grandblanc.high.schoolfusion.us/modules/locker/files/group_files.phtml?gid=1316804&parent=5785170&msg_notify=File+uploa ded.&sessionid=9045a914f806debf40f8fbab07edca24

29 Are you cut out for MENSA?

What is the Drudge theory?

Which theorist set out to improve on the measurement of intelligence in adults?

Which of the following statements is correct about the influence of culture on intelligence tests?

What are the two primary categories of psychological tests?