ANS:FPG:99-100TYPE:FactualSOURCE: Pickup Show 16.The nomothetic model of explanation is probabilistic in its approach to causation.TPG:97TYPE: FactualSOURCE: Pickup 17.The units of analysis and the aggregates that we generalize about are the same.FPG: 102-103TYPE: FactualSOURCE: Pickup  18.Cohorts are defined by birth year only.PG: 111TYPE: FactualSOURCE: Pickup 19.The nomothetic model of causal analysis lends itself to hypothesis testing.PG: 97TYPE: FactualSOURCE: Pickup 20.Causal relationships can be true even if they do not apply in a majority of cases.PG: 99TYPE: FactualSOURCE: Pickup SHORT ANSWERS/ESSAYS1.Discuss the three purposes for doing research.Describe a study that illustrates eachpurpose. 2.Identify and give an example of four units of analysis. Illustrate the ecological fallacyusing your examples.PG: 101 – 107SOURCE: Pickup 3.List and explain the three specific criteria of causality suggested by Babbie. Give anexample of a causal statement. One of the most important ideas in a research project is the unit of analysis. The unit of analysis is the major entity that you are analyzing in your study. For instance, any of the following could be a unit of analysis in a study:
Why is it called the ‘unit of analysis’ and not something else (like, the unit of sampling)? Because it is the analysis you do in your study that determines what the unit is. For instance, if you are comparing the children in two classrooms on achievement test scores, the unit is the individual child because you have a score for each child. On the other hand, if you are comparing the two classes on classroom climate, your unit of analysis is the group, in this case the classroom, because you only have a classroom climate score for the class as a whole and not for each individual student. For different analyses in the same study you may have different units of analysis. If you decide to base an analysis on student scores, the individual is the unit. But you might decide to compare average classroom performance. In this case, since the data that goes into the analysis is the average itself (and not the individuals’ scores) the unit of analysis is actually the group. Even though you had data at the student level, you use aggregates in the analysis. In many areas of social research these hierarchies of analysis units have become particularly important and have spawned a whole area of statistical analysis sometimes referred to as hierarchical modeling. This is true in education, for instance, where we often compare classroom performance but collected achievement data at the individual student level. This chapter provides a general introduction to research design by examining several issues: Three Purposes of Research Social research can serve a variety of purposes. Three of the most influential and common purposes of research are exploration, description and explanation. Exploration involves familiarizing a researcher with a topic. Exploration satisfies the researcher's curiosity and desire for improved understanding. Exploration tests the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study. Exploration helps develop the methods that will be used in a study. Description involves describing situations and events through scientific observation. Scientific descriptions are typically more accurate and precise than causal ones. For example, the U. S. Census uses descriptive social research in its examination of characteristics of the U. S. population. Explanation involves answering the questions of what, where, when, and how. Explanatory studies answer questions of why. For example, an explanatory analysis of the 2002 General Social Survey (GSS) data indicates that 38 percent of men and 30 percent of women said marijuana should be legalized, while 55 percent of liberals and 27 percent of conservatives said the same. Given these statistics, you could start to develop an explanation for attitudes toward marijuana legalization. In addition, further study of gender and political orientation could lead to a deeper explanation of this issue. The Logic of Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Explanation
1) the variables must be
correlated
Units of Analysis A unit of analysis is used to classify what or whom is being studied. The classifications include individuals, aggregates, and social artifacts.
Example: If we found that suicide rates are higher in Protestant countries than in Catholic ones, we could not draw the conclusion that more Protestants commit suicide than Catholics; this would be an ecological fallacy.
Example: For many social scientists, the field of sociobiology (social behavior can be explained solely in terms of genetic characteristics and behavior) is too limited and is an example of reductionism. The Time Dimension Cross Sectional Study: a study based on observations representing a single point in time; a cross section of a population. Example-The amount of people who registered to vote Longitudinal Study: a study based on data that is collected at several different times. Example- The Tuskegee Experiment
-to imply processes over time on the basis of simple logic How to Design a Research Project Steps for designing a research project: The problem with a simple definition: The problem with an advanced definition: Conceptualization
Operationalization
Choice of Research Method Population and
Sampling Observations Data Processing Analysis Application The Research Proposal:
The Ethics of Research Design Measurement Measurement: careful, deliberate observations of the real world for the purpose of describing objects and events in terms of the attributes composing the variable. Social scientists
measure:
Levels of Measurement - all measurements in science are conducted using 4 different types of scales:
Measurement Quality:
Problem: Validity and reliability can interfere with one another. Repeated measures should be taken to ensure the highest levels of both. What does social scientific theory address?Very simply, a theory is a viewpoint or perspective which is explanatory. According to Babbie (1989, p. 46), social science theory is 'a systematic explanation for the observed facts and laws that relate to a specific aspect of life'.
Which of the following is an example of a social artifact?Social artifacts like newspapers, magazines, television programs, and music are examples of modern cultural artifacts.
What is the final stage of the research process?Abstract. The preparation of a manuscript to report a research project is the final stage of the research process.
Is the conflict paradigm limited to economic analysis?The conflict paradigm is limited to economic analysis. The deductive model tends to link to theory testing and the inductive model to theory development. Research designs are descriptive, explanatory, or exploratory--never more than one.
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The units of analysis and the aggregates that we generalize about are the same.
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