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Terms in this set (83)Sensation the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy Perception the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events Transduction action potential that sends information through the nervous system to the brain sensory receptors specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain absolute threshold the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect difference threshold the degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected - ex the louder you turn up your music, the less of a difference it will make Weber's Law the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) Ex: bottom-up processing sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it UP to the brain for interpretation top-down processing starts with our own sense of something that is happening and then apply this DOWN to our own framework of the world. Seeing - lense if you look at something far away your lens flattens. You can focus on something in the distance. Seeing - Retina contains rods and cones which allows the sensation of light waves into the eye Seeing - Rods are receptors in the retina that are sensitive to light but not color, they detect low levels of light Seeing - Cones
are sensitive to color. they are sensitive to different but overlapping wavelength ranges Trichormatic Theory of Color Vision A theory created by Young and Helmholtz that states the human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different wavelengths, red, green, and blue. - long wavelength (distance between the peaks is long... we see red) - short wavelength (distance is short... we see blue) - medium wavelength (distance is medium... we see green) additive color mixing the process of mixing lights of different wavelengths to create new hues dichromats Color blind individuals Trichromats people who have normal color vision subtractive color mixing Formation of colors by removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there. opponent-process theory the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green - the way we see after images depth perception the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance binocular cues cues about depth that demand on the combination of images in the left and right eyes and the way they both work together convergence A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object monocular cues Available to either eye alone - familiar size Seeing - Perceptual illusion gestalt psychology: interested in how ppl organize their perceptions according to patterns - Figure - ground: organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (foreground Muller-Lyer Illusion illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different horizontal-vertical illusion our perceiving vertical dimensions as longer than identical horizontal dimensions perceptual set this is the way that we expect to see something in an "expected" way. Interpretation can occur even before we are presented with the stimulus. (Top-down processing) perceptual constancy The recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing sensory adaptation a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation Attention effect-focusing in on one person in a crowded room of people where there is a lot of noise Stroop Effect automatic perception where it is difficult to name the colors in which words are printed when the word names are different colors Seeing - what we see from the left eye is processed in the right side of the brain and vice versa signal detection theory decision making based on uncertainty eardrum a thin membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear; sound waves cause it to vibrate cochlea vibrates the membrane that stimulates the hair cells hair cells detect sound waves and transduce into signals that process in the brain as sound The Sound Shadow is caused by your own head. For instance, if the sound is to your left then your left ear experiences the greatest intensity, while the right ear experiences less intensity. Tasting - Papillae rounded bulbs on your tongue that contain your taste buds. we have around 10,000 main tastes - sweet olfactory epithelium this is the lining of the nasal cavity that contains a sheet of receptor cells for smell (located below the frontal lobes). Touch: Thermoreceptors sensory nerve endings under the skin that detect temperature changes...they provide input in order to keep the body at 98.6 Fahrenheit. - Warm receptors pain the sensation that warns an individual of damage to the body fast fibers axons are myelinated so feel pain faster (remember, myelination is like the insulation around wires, except on our axons) slow fibers we do have some axons without myelination and without this insulation some of the pain signal can leak out resulting in a more dulled pain higher level consciousness The most alert state of consciousness. An example would be doing a math or science problem, or preparing for a debate lower level consciousness Includes automatic processing that requires little attention, as well as daydreaming Alerted state of consciousness drugs, alcohol, hypothesis, meditation subconscious awareness -waking subconscious awareness no awareness Unconscious thought (Freud) subliminal perception the detection of information below the level of conscious awareness Sleep: Beta Waves awake and alert Sleep: alpha waves the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state sleep stage 1 theta waves, light sleep Sleep Stage 2 theta waves and sleep spindles Sleep Stage 3 & 4 characterized by delta waves Stage 5 - stage r (REM sleep) Sleep cycle duration 90-100 min, approx 5 cycles per night circadian rhythm involve sleep/wake cycle and involve your bp, temp, blood sugar level (24 hr cycle) - when body temp decreases, circadian rhythms decrease suprachiasmatic nucleus a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark. Sends info to the hypothalamus, pineal gland, and the reticular formation Desychronization circadian rhythm disruption Sleep Credits - get extra sleep prior to having to stay awake for long periods caffeine/stimulants only work for the short term. eventually these don't work anymore (approx 2 days) somnambulism sleepwalking (occurs in stages 3 and 4 when a person is not dreaming) somniloquy sleep talking Ambien causes sleep eating and sleep driving nightmares occur in REM sleep night terrors usually in REM sleep insomnia inability to sleep sleep apnea windpipe fails to open while sleeping Narcolepsy A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. REM behavior disorder a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares fatal familial insomnia a fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive
insomnia psychodynamic theory - He said that dreams unlocked the unconscious cognitive theory of dreaming •There is no hidden meaning activation-synthesis theory - Cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain. Tolerance continued use of psychoactive drugs and the need to take increasing amounts to get the same effect psychological dependence repeat use for emotional reasons; i.e., feel pleasure physical dependence physiological
need for a drug... withdrawal can occur Alcoholism disease that impairs health, career, job, and relationships heroine and morphine opiates •Consists of opium pain killers opiates Nicotine, caffeine, and cocaine stimulants LSD and Ecstasy, Marijuana hallucinogens Sets with similar termsSensation and Perception38 terms SarannosaurusREX_ Chapter 6 Textbook!94 terms rgenzer1 AP Psychology Final90 terms mcchekat Psychology Ch 656 terms lydiaks Other sets by this creatorPsychology Final145 terms Lexi_Carlitz1 Legal Found Final129 terms Lexi_Carlitz1 Marketing Policies and Problems Exam #234 terms Lexi_Carlitz1 Legal Foundations of BUS Quiz #3 (Ch. 14-22)143 terms Lexi_Carlitz1 Verified questions
QUESTION Researchers wanted to find out if eating cookies would increase a person's ability to remember the names of U.S presidents. Thirty males and 30 females were used in the experiment. A third of these people (Group A) were given cookies while studying the names. Another third (Group B) were given nothing while studying the names. The final third (Group C) were given mint-flavored candy while studying the names. After gathering all their results, the researchers found that Group A did substantially better than Group B, but about the same as Group C. Which of the following are the experimental group(s) of this study? a. Group A b. Group B c. Group C d. Groups A & C e. Groups B & C Verified answer
PSYCHOLOGY Choose the letter of the correct term or concept below to complete the sentence. a. rooting reflex b. maturation c. democratic/ authoritative families d. telegraphic speech e. schemas f. object permanence g. egocentric h. socialization i. sublimation j. developmental psychology. In __________, adults develop a parenting style in which children participate in decisions affecting their lives. Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY How would having a photographic memory make your life different? Verified answer QUESTION As a new student, Canya is hoping to fit in. If the students at her new school were embracing the ideas of Carl Rogers, how would each of these principles affect how they treat Canya? • Acceptance • Genuineness • Empathy Verified answer Other Quizlet setsLEED Study Guide: Sustainable Sites18 terms amandamar26 Psych Exam 284 terms mdrapeau1PLUS CHE 1073 Exam 4 part 225 terms GucciF1ipF1ops Dance Appreciation Final Exam43 terms emilynsmith222 What is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming them into neural energy?Sensation is the process of detecting external stimuli and changing those stimuli into nervous system activity. 1. Sense receptors are specialized neural cells that change physical energy into neural impulses. 2.
Is the process of receiving stimulus energy from the environment?Sensation: the process by which we receive physical energy from the environment and encode it into neural signals. Perception: the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
Is the process receiving transforming and processing stimuli?Sensation is the process by which we receive, transform, and process stimuli that impinge on our sensory organs into neural impulses, or signals, that the brain uses to create experiences of vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, and so on.
What is stimulus energy in psychology?In perceptual psychology, a stimulus is an energy change (e.g., light or sound) which is registered by the senses (e.g., vision, hearing, taste, etc.) and constitutes the basis for perception. In behavioral psychology (i.e., classical and operant conditioning), a stimulus constitutes the basis for behavior.
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What is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy quizlet?
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