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Pharmacokinetics – Examining the Interaction of Body and DrugOverviewis the term that describes the four stages of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Drugs are medications or other substances that have a physiological effect when introduced to the body. There are four basic stages for a medication to go through within the human body: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. This entire process is sometimes abbreviated ADME. Absorption occurs after medications enter the body and travel from the site of administration into the body’s circulation. Distribution is the process by which medication is distributed throughout the body. Metabolism is the breakdown of a drug molecule. Excretion is the process by which the body eliminates waste. Each of these stages is described separately later in this chapter. Research scientists who specialize in pharmacokinetics must also pay attention to another dimension of drug action within the body: time. Unfortunately, scientists do not have the ability to actually see where a drug is going or how long it is active. To compensate, they use mathematical models and precise measurements of blood and urine to determine where a drug goes and how much of the drug (or breakdown product) remains after the body processes it. Other indicators, such as blood levels of liver enzymes, can help predict how much of a drug is going to be absorbed. Principles of chemistry are also applied while studying pharmacokinetics because the interactions between drug and body molecules are really just a series of chemical reactions. Understanding the chemical encounters between drugs and biological environments, such as the bloodstream and the oily surfaces of cells, is necessary to predict how much of a drug will be metabolized by the body. Pharmacodynamics refers to the effects of drugs in the body and the mechanism of their action. As a drug travels through the bloodstream, it will exhibit a unique for the drug-receptor site, meaning how strongly it will bind to the site. Examination of how drugs and receptor sites create a lock and key system (see Figure 1.1[1]) is helpful to understand how drugs work and the amount of drug that may be left circulating within the bloodstream. This concept is broadly termed as drug . The bioavailability of drugs is an important feature that chemists and pharmaceutical scientists keep in mind when designing and packaging medicines. Unfortunately, no matter how effectively a drug works in a laboratory simulation, the performance in the human body will not always produce the same results, and individualized responses to drugs have to be considered. Although many responses to medications may be anticipated, one’s unique genetic makeup may also have a significant impact on one’s response to a drug. is defined as the study of how people’s genes affect their response to medicines.[2]  7. The nurse is meeting with a community group about medication safety. The nurse Get answer to your question and much more must emphasize that patients at high risk for drug interactions include which groups?(Select all that apply.)8. The nurse recognizes that when a patient takes a hepatic enzyme inducer, the dose of Get answer to your question and much more warfarin is usually modified in which way? Get answer to your question and much more 9. The nurse is describing to a patient the synergistic effects of two of his medications.Which statement by the nurse is correct about synergistic drug effects?a. Two drugs have antagonistic effects on each other.b. The action of a drug is nullified by another drug.c. One drug acts as an antidote to the side effects of another drug.d. A greater effect is achieved when two drugs are combined.Answers: 1, c, e; 2, a; 3, b; 4 a; 5, a, b, d; 6, a; 7, a, b, c; 8, a; 9, d;Epilepsy: neuro disorder, sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbances,loss of consciousness, or convulsions, assoc with abnormal electrical activity inbrain.—abn electric discharges from cerebral neurons. Characteristics: loss ofconsciousness & convulsive movements. Cause: unkown; trauma, anoxia,infection, stroke;isolated seizures due to fever, electrolyte, or acid baseimbalance. Which components of pharmacokinetic does the nurse need to understand before administering a drug?The four main parameters generally examined by this field include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
Why are pharmacokinetics important to a nurse?Applying pharmacokinetic principles to individual patients allows medical professionals to better understand the physical and chemical properties of drugs and how the responses correlate with the body.
What are the elements of the pharmacokinetic phase of drug activity?Think of pharmacokinetics as a drug's journey through the body, during which it passes through four different phases: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
What is the mechanism of action of pharmacokinetics?The mechanisms of pharmacokinetic interactions involve drug metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters and orphan nuclear receptors that regulate at the transcriptional level the expression of enzymes and transporters.
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Which components of pharmacokinetics does the nurse need to understand before administering a drug?
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