Compartment syndrome is a serious condition characterized by inflammation and increased pressure within a muscle compartment (muscles, nerves, and vessels within the fascia). While this condition occurs mostly in the lower extremities, it can develop in any muscle group. Show
This condition may be caused by decreased compartment size due to restrictive dressings or casts, excessive traction, or due to edema, inflammation, or bleeding within the compartment. The inflammatory process can create high pressure in the muscle compartment causing circulatory obstruction and venous occlusion. Ischemia along with muscle and nerve damage will start to occur, reducing oxygenation and causing tissue death. Delays in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition can cause irreversible damage to muscles and nerves and loss of function of the affected muscle compartment. Compartment syndrome can occur immediately due to the body’s initial inflammatory response following an injury or it may be delayed, occurring several days after an injury. Signs and symptoms of this condition include:
This condition may be categorized as acute or chronic. Acute compartment syndrome is considered a surgical emergency and must be treated right away to prevent muscle and nerve damage. Chronic compartment syndrome, on the other hand, happens gradually following repetitive muscle use and resolves after stopping the activity. A physical exam, compartment pressure measurement testing, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and X-ray can help diagnose compartment syndrome. The Nursing ProcessSince compartment syndrome can lead to poor outcomes and high morbidity, prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical. Early detection and effective treatment of this condition can prevent loss of function and permanent damage to the muscles and nerves. Proper assessment is essential for the prompt treatment of compartment syndrome. This condition may occur after the application of a cast or pressure dressing that may impede circulation. The nurse must quickly identify signs and symptoms that are consistent with this condition. Additionally, frequent neurovascular assessments are necessary to monitor progression. The nurse is also responsible for administering medications, assisting in fasciotomy, and providing education about the condition, treatment, and possible complications. Nursing Care Plans Related to Compartment SyndromeAcute Pain Care PlanA classic sign of compartment syndrome is severe pain that worsens when the muscles are stretched and is not relieved by analgesia. Accurate evaluation and prompt treatment enable timely intervention and prevent complications for patients suffering from compartment syndrome. Nursing Diagnosis: Acute Pain Related to:
As evidenced by:
Expected Outcomes:
Acute Pain Assessment1. Assess and monitor the patient’s vital signs. 2. Assess the patient’s pain characteristics. Acute Pain Interventions1. Evaluate the onset of the pain. 2. Continuously
monitor the patient’s condition along with the emerging signs and symptoms. 3. Administer pain medications as indicated and evaluate pain score 30 minutes to an hour following administration. 4. Do not elevate or apply a cold compress to the affected extremity. 5. Prepare the patient for surgery as indicated. Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion Care PlanIneffective tissue perfusion occurs in compartment syndrome due to increased pressure following an injury, compromising circulation and neuromuscular function. If left untreated, this can cause necrosis to the affected tissues, nerves, and muscles. Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Tissue Perfusion Related to:
As evidenced by:
Expected Outcomes:
Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion Assessment1. Assess and monitor for compartment syndrome after
surgery. 2. Perform neurovascular assessments frequently. Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion Interventions1. Prepare the patient for surgery as indicated. 2.
Discuss interventions to help relieve the pressure. 3. Administer supplemental oxygen as needed. 4. Ensure adequate hydration through the intravenous route as indicated. 5. Ensure that the limbs are at a neutral level and not elevated. Impaired Physical MobilityImpaired physical mobility is common in patients suffering from compartment syndrome. Paralysis, one of the complications of compartment syndrome, can result from prolonged nerve compression or muscle damage, rendering the patient unable to actively move limbs. Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Physical Mobility Related to:
As evidenced by:
Expected Outcomes:
Impaired Physical Mobility Assessment1. Assess the patient’s degree of immobility. 2. Assess the emotional effect on physical abilities. Impaired Physical Mobility Interventions1. Assist with active and passive range of motion exercises as indicated. 2. Develop new ways to perform ADLs. 3. Obtain assistive devices as needed. 4.
Encourage the patient to participate in diversional activities. 5. Administer medications as indicated. 6. Assist the patient in accepting limitations. 7. Consult with physical or occupational therapists. References and Sources
What are the nursing considerations for a patient in traction?Traction care. Ensure that the traction weight bag is hanging freely, this bag must NOT rest on the bed or the floor.. If the rope becomes frayed replace immediately.. The rope must be in the pulley tracks at all times, and should be vertically aligned with the patients' leg, not on an angle.. What is the nurse's role in maintaining effective skeletal traction?Role of the Nurse in Caring for Patients in Traction
RNs shall not remove, add, or lift up on weight when the patient is in traction for the treatment of fractures. RNs may remove or add weights to balance suspension (slings), which is used with skeletal traction.
Which one is nursing responsibility before skin traction application?Q. Which one is nursing responsibilities before skin traction application? Assess pts skin integrity and allergies history.
Which nursing action would have the highest priority for a client with a leg in traction quizlet?A nurse is caring for a client placed in traction to treat a fractured femur. Which nursing intervention has the highest priority? Although all measures are correct, assessing neurovascular integrity takes priority because a decrease in neurovascular integrity could compromise the limb.
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