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Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions Social Psychology10th EditionElliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson 525 solutions Recommended textbook solutionsSocial Psychology10th EditionElliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson 525 solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions Psychology1st EditionArlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins 580 solutions Applied Sport Psychology7th EditionJean Williams, Vikki Krane 257 solutions A researcher wants to run a 2 × 3 mixed factorial design. The first factor is within-subjects. The second factor is between-subjects. If the researcher wants 20 observations per cell, which of the following is the correct number of participants he will need in total? a. 120 d. 60 FEEDBACK: Because only the second factor is between-subjects, the researcher needs a different group of 20 people for each of those three levels. See the section "Mixed Factorial Designs" in your text for more information. Calculating which of the following allows us to examine the main effect of one variable? a. moderating variables d. marginal means FEEDBACK: Looking for the main effect of an independent variable involves computing the marginal means, or the means for each level of the independent variable. See the section "Main Effects: Is There an Overall Difference?" in your text for more information. How many independent variables and how many cells are there in a 2 × 3 × 4 study? a. 2 independent variables, 9 cells d. 3 independent variables, 24 cells FEEDBACK: There are three independent variables, one for each number, and the numbers tell the number of levels of each variable. The number of cells is 2 × 3 × 4 = 24. See the section "Increasing the Number of Independent Variables" in your text for more information. In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, what are all the possible effects to test? a. two main effects and a two-way interaction c. three main effects, three two-way interactions, and a three-way interaction FEEDBACK: Each factor must be checked for a main effect, each of the possible two-way interactions must be checked, and the three-way interaction must be checked. See the section "Main Effects and Interactions from a Three-Way Design" in your text for more information. In a factorial-design study, which effect is usually considered the most important? a. the interaction a. the interaction FEEDBACK: If the study's results show an interaction, the interaction itself is the most important effect. See the section "Main Effect = Overall Effect" in your text for more information. Interactions allow researchers to examine which of the following variables? a. mediating d. moderating FEEDBACK: An interaction of two independent variables allows researchers to establish whether a variable is a moderator. See the section "Interactions Show Moderators" in your text for more information. Jane is conducting a study on the effects of meditation on stress with highly anxious and nonanxious participants. She finds that overall, highly anxious participants reported greater levels of stress and that, overall, participants in the meditation group reported lower levels of stress than the group that did not practice meditation. She also found that the impact of meditation on lowering stress was particularly strong for participants who were highly anxious. Which of the following is a correct description of the results? a. no main effects and an interaction b. two main effects and an interaction FEEDBACK: There is a main effect for anxiety level, a main effect for meditation, and there is also an interaction of anxiety and meditation. The pattern of results looks similar to the fifth example in Figure 12.20. See the section "Possible Main Effects and Interactions in a 2 × 2 Factorial Design" in your text for more information. Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which type of design is this? a. within-groups factorial design c. independent-groups factorial design FEEDBACK: There are four groups in the experiment - weekly consumers of large amounts of alcohol who see the alcohol commercials, weekly consumers of large amounts of alcohol who see the nonalcoholic commercials, weekly consumers of small amounts of alcohol who see the alcohol commercials, and weekly consumers of small amounts of alcohol who see the nonalcoholic commercials. See the section "Independent-Groups Factorial Designs" in your text for more information. Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following is a factor in this study? a. young adults who consume large amounts of alcohol each week c. type of commercial shown FEEDBACK: Independent variables can also be called factors. See the section "Factorial Designs Study Two Independent Variables" in your text for more information.
Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced by the type of commercial shown. Which of the following is a participant variable in this study? a. amount of alcohol consumed during the movie d. amount of alcohol consumed by the young adult during the week FEEDBACK: The weekly alcohol consumption of the participant was measured, not manipulated. See the section "Using Factorial Designs to Study Manipulated Variables or Participant Variables" in your text for more information. Koordeman et al. (2011) conducted a study on the effect of alcohol commercials on alcohol consumption in a movie theater. Participants saw
one of two types of beverage commercials: alcoholic or nonalcoholic. Their consumption of alcohol during the movie was then measured. Finally, they completed a questionnaire on their usual drinking habits. Koordeman et al. found that young adults who generally consume large amounts of alcohol each week were influenced to drink more alcohol when they saw alcohol commercials, whereas the alcohol consumption of young adults who generally consume small amounts of alcohol each week was not influenced
by the type of commercial shown. What is the most important finding of this study? c. The effect of the alcohol commercial on alcohol consumption depended on whether the viewer was usually a heavy drinker or a light drinker. FEEDBACK: In interactions, the effect (in this scenario, of the commercial on alcohol consumption) depends on the level of another variable (type of drinker). See the section "Describing Interactions in Words" in your text for more information. Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "cooperator," a "competitor," or an "individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know which kind of face can be identified most easily and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 × 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces of African American people and Caucasian people who are "cooperators," "competitors," or "individualists." The participants identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. How many cells was each participant in? a. 6 a. 6 FEEDBACK: Because the study was run within-groups, each participant was in each cell and there were 2 × 3 = 6 cells in all. See the section "Factorial Designs Study Two Independent Variables" in your text for more information. Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "cooperator," a "competitor," or an "individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know which kind of face can be identified most easily and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 × 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces of African American people and Caucasian people who are "cooperators," "competitors," or "individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. Which is the dependent variable? a. the number of pictures accurately identified a. the number of pictures accurately identified FEEDBACK: The number of pictures accurately identified is what is being measured. See the section "Review: Experiments with One Independent Variable" in your text for more information. Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "cooperator," a "competitor," or an "individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know which kind of face can be identified most easily and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 × 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces of African American people and Caucasian people who are "cooperators," "competitors," or "individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. Caucasian "competitors" were identified more easily than the other two Caucasian personality types, but there was no difference in accuracy for African American faces. Which of the following does this describe? a. a two-way interaction between Caucasian and personality b. a two-way interaction between race and personality FEEDBACK: This wording suggests the dependent variable was changed by the personality manipulation in the Caucasian condition but not in the African American condition. See Figure 12.20, "A range of possible outcomes from a single 2 × 2 factorial design," in your text for more information. Lisa is interested in how well people are able to detect whether another person is a "cooperator," a "competitor," or an "individualist" simply by looking at a picture of the person's face. She wants to know what kind of face can be identified most easily and whether this varies by the race of the person in the picture. She designs a 2 × 3 within-group design where she has participants in her study look at faces from African American people and Caucasian people who are "cooperators," "competitors," or "individualists." The participants try to identify the personality of the person in each picture and Lisa keeps track of the number of pictures accurately identified for each picture type. Which of the following correctly lists all the differences that must be examined? a. three main effects and one interaction c. two main effects and one interaction FEEDBACK: There are two independent variables, so there are two main effects and one interaction possible, even though one variable has three levels. See the section "Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent Variable" in your text for more information. Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18 to 24 years old) and older adults (50 to 65 years old). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. Which type of study design is this? a. independent-groups factorial design c. mixed factorial design FEEDBACK: The age factor is between-groups and the audience size factor is within-groups, so the design is mixed. See the section "Mixed Factorial Designs" in your text for more information. Susan designed a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18 to 24 years old) and older adults (50 to 65 years old). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited
the poem each time. Which of the following is the factorial notation for this design? c. 2 × 2 FEEDBACK: This design has two variables (age and audience size) that each have two levels (older and younger, 50 people and no one), so it would be a 2 × 2 factorial design. See the section "Factorial Designs Study Two Independent Variables" in your text for more information.
Susan ran a study in which she had a group of younger adults (18 to 24 years old) and a group of older adults (50 to 65 years old). She had both groups recite a poem by memory once in front of an audience of 50 people and once in a room by themselves. She counterbalanced the order of these tasks between participants. She had the participants rate their level of anxiety right before they recited the poem each time. Susan found a main effect for age such that younger people reported being more anxious than older people. She found a main effect for audience size such that people were more anxious in the room with 50 people than they were in the room by themselves. She did not find an interaction in the results. If Susan were to graph her results, which of the following would they look like? a. two parallel, vertical lines b. two parallel, diagonal lines FEEDBACK: Because there is a main effect for both variables, the lines would be diagonal, and because there is no interaction, the lines would be parallel. See the section "Detecting Interactions from a Graph" in your text for more information. The phrase "the difference in differences is different" suggests the presence of which type of interaction? a. nonsignificant d. three-way FEEDBACK: The phrase "the difference in differences is different" means the two-way interaction between two of the independent variables depends on the level of a third independent variable. See the section "Main Effects and Interactions from a Three-Way Design" in your text for more information. What is it called when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable? a. mediation c. interaction FEEDBACK: An interaction means there is a difference in the differences. See the section "Experiments with Two Independent Variables Can Show Interactions" in your text for more information. Which of the following are the two main reasons researchers use factorial designs? a. to use fewer
participants and to test the limits of an effect b. to test the limits of an effect and to test theories FEEDBACK: Factorial designs can check the generalizability of a causal variable and find if variable interactions are consistent with those predicted by theories. See the section "Factorial Designs Can Test Theories" in your text for more information. Which of the following designs is one in which there are two or more independent variables? a. factorial a. factorial FEEDBACK: This is the definition of a factorial design. See the section "Factorial Designs Study Two Independent Variables" in your text for more information. Which of the following phrases would be a clue that the study described in a popular media article was a factorial design? a. "is more likely" d. "it depends" FEEDBACK: The phrase "it depends" suggests the study was a factorial design with an interaction effect. See the section "Identifying Factorial Designs in Popular Media Articles" in your text for more information. Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and rated satisfaction of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. How many cells are there in this study? a. 1 c. 8 FEEDBACK: In a 2 × 2 × 2 study, there are three independent variables, one for each number, and the numbers tell the number of levels of each variable. The number of cells is 2 × 2 × 2 = 8. See the section "Increasing the Number of Independent Variables" in your text for more information. Yan and Sengupta (2011) examined the effects of price, attractiveness, and consumer on the perceived tastiness and rated satisfaction of a dish of fried rice. The study was a 2 × 2 × 2 design that varied price (inexpensive or expensive), picture (attractive or unattractive), and consumer (self or classmate) in a between-subjects design. What of the following is a dependent variable? a. tastiness b. price c. picture d. consumer a. tastiness FEEDBACK: The dependent variables, perceived tastiness and rated satisfaction, are the ones being measured in the study. See the section "Review: Experiments with One Independent Variable" in your text for more information. What are the two main reasons researchers use factorial designs?1. Factorial designs can test limits; to test whether an independent variable effects different kinds of people, or people in different situations, the same way. 2. Factorial designs can test theories; can test generalizability of a causal variable and also test theories.
What is the purpose of a factorial design quizlet?A factorial design where each participant is randomly assigned to just one condition. A statistical test to find the significance of main effects and interactions. -strengths: reduce number of participants needed in a study; reduce variance within subjects.
What is a factorial design and why a researcher would use this design?Factorial design is a type of research methodology that allows for the investigation of the main and interaction effects between two or more independent variables and on one or more outcome variable(s).
Which of the following are advantages of a factorial design?All of the following are advantages of factorial designs over a one-way design EXCEPT they involve fewer components to interpret: the interaction between two variables can be studied. more than one grouping variable can be considered in the same study: the researcher can examine main effects.
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Which of the following are the two main reasons researchers use factorial designs quizlet?
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