C. diff is a spore-forming, Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus that produces two exotoxins: toxin A and toxin B. It is a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and accounts for 15 to 25% of all episodes of AAD. Show
The risk for disease increases in patients with:
C. diff is shed in feces. Any surface, device, or material (such as commodes, bathtubs, and electronic rectal thermometers) that becomes contaminated with feces could serve as a reservoir for the C. diff spores. C. diff spores can also be transferred to patients via the hands of healthcare personnel who have touched a contaminated surface or item. Although in about 20% of patients, CDI will resolve within two to three days of discontinuing the antibiotic to which the patient was previously exposed, CDI should usually be treated with an appropriate course (about 10 days) of treatment, including oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin. After treatment, repeat C. diff testing is not recommended if the patient’s symptoms have resolved, as patients often remain colonized. If a patient has had ≥ 3 stools in 24 hours:
If the patient is positive for CDI:
CDI can be prevented by using antibiotics appropriately and implementing infection control recommendations to prevent transmission.
Surfaces should be kept clean, and body substance spills should be managed promptly, as outlined in CDC’s Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities. Routine cleaning should be performed prior to disinfection. EPA-registered disinfectants with a sporicidal claim have been used with success for environmental surface disinfection in those patient-care areas where surveillance and epidemiology indicate ongoing transmission of C. diff. Note: EPA-registered disinfectants (List K) are recommended for use in patient-care areas. When choosing a disinfectant, check product labels for inactivation claims, indications for use, and instructions. When tissues use o2 during respiration What is the byproduct?In cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen react to form ATP. Water and carbon dioxide are released as byproducts. The three stages of aerobic cellular respiration are glycolysis (an anaerobic process), the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
What does o2 do in cellular respiration?How is oxygen used in cellular respiration? Oxygen is used as the end electron acceptor for the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. It allows electrons to be transferred through the electron transport chain in order to create an electrochemical gradient for hydrogen to create ATP.
Where do the reactions of glycolysis occur?Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm where one 6 carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to generate two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate. The fate of pyruvate depends on the presence or absence of mitochondria and oxygen in the cells.
Which product is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration?Glycolysis is the pathway common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. This is the first step of respiration in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
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