Which of the following represents a key weakness of the social cognitive perspective quizlet?

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1. Social Science
2. Psychology

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Terms in this set (204)

Carolina was reprimanded by her boss for not wearing appropriate attire to work. She was angry at her boss because he scolded her in front of the entire office. Instead of directing her anger at her boss, Carolina went home and yelled at her dog as soon as it approached her. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Carolina's behavior toward her dog?

displacement

Freud believed that the Oedipus complex produces _____ in little boys and _____ in little girls.

castration anxiety; penis envy

What type of personality test involves people answering specific questions or rating oneself on various dimensions of behavior or psychological functioning?

a self-report inventory

Although he stayed calm during the conversation, Mark was angry as he left Professor McArthur's office, because he felt he had been treated unfairly. A short while later, Mark snapped at a fellow student who asked if she could borrow his notes. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Mark's behavior toward the other student?

displacement

Carl Jung believed that:

personality continues to develop in significant ways throughout the lifespan.

According to Carl Rogers, what do most psychological problems result from?

Experiencing conditional positive regard, rather than unconditional positive regard

Which of the following is NOT one of the five factors in the five-factor model of personality?

psychoticism

Although Imani has studied for an hour each day all semester, she is sure that she will fail her final exam in Dr. Lane's chemistry class. Imani is showing a low level of:

self-efficacy.

Who believed that the deepest part of the individual's psyche is the collective unconscious?

Carl Jung

According to Eysenck's theory, the four basic personality types are:

extraverted-neurotic; extraverted-stable; introverted-neurotic; and introverted-stable.

Leslie's partner, Robin, is an anthropologist who accepted a grant to research a remote group of people. Robin has been gone for over two months. Since Robin's departure, Leslie has painted their living room, planted a vegetable garden, and is now hard at work building a new deck. Freud would probably describe Leslie's burst of creative and productive activities as an example of:

sublimation

Which of the following is NOT an important weakness of the trait approach to personality?

Trait theories have no empirical research support.

_____ is to trait theory as _____ is to social cognitive theory.

Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura

When interpreting a personality test, it is important to:

combine the knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself/herself.

Nine-year-old Chen refuses to sleep in her own room after her parents' divorce. Instead, she climbs into her mother's bed each night and refuses to leave. Chen's behavior is an example of what ego defense mechanism?

regression

The data that provide evidence for the genetic influence on personality traits:

also provide evidence for the importance of environmental influences.

According to Carl Rogers, when a child senses that he is loved and valued only when he behaves in a way that is acceptable to his parents, the parents are displaying _____ toward the child.

conditional positive regard

Which approach to personality focuses primarily on describing individual differences?

the trait perspective

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that _____ is associated with larger brain tissue volume in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region that is associated with sensitivity to rewarding stimuli.

extraversion

The _____ perspective on personality emphasizes conscious thought processes, self-regulation, and the importance of situational influences.

social cognitive

Even before she enrolled in college, Latoya dreamed of becoming a lawyer. She is taking several college classes required to apply to law school. What are Latoya's possible selves likely to have a positive effect on?

Her level of motivation and beliefs of self-efficacy in college

In Freud's theory, which component of personality is present at birth and is completely unconscious?

the id

It was _____ who said, "I dare to believe that when the human being is inwardly free to choose whatever he deeply values, he tends to value those objects, experiences, and goals that will make for his own survival, growth, and development, and for the survival and development of others."

Carl Rogers

Brain imaging studies showed that people who were high in extraversion showed _____ brain activation in response to positive images relative to people who were low in extraversion.

higher levels of

_____ psychology emerged as a fundamentally different view of human nature than those proposed by Freudian psychoanalysis and B.F. Skinner's brand of behaviorism.

Humanistic

Many psychoanalytic ideas are difficult to test because:

they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.

According to Freud, the basic goals of the id are to:

seek pleasure and immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives, especially sexual ones.

Unlike computer analysis of our digital footprints, _____ inventories depend on reporters who may be motivated by things other than absolute accuracy.

self-report

Lyssa believes that people are basically good and that each person will naturally strive to fulfill his or her unique potential. What perspective of personality do Lyssa's beliefs reflect?

humanistic

According to psychoanalyst Karen Horney, males often envy the capacity of women to bear children, which she termed:

womb envy.

The Focus on Neuroscience box "The Neuroscience of Personality: Brain Structure and the Big Five" described an MRI study that investigated whether personality traits are associated with differences in brain structure. Researchers found that _____ was associated with larger brain tissue volume in a brain region associated with sensitivity to rewarding stimuli, and _____ was associated with increased volume in a brain region associated with understanding the beliefs of others.

extraversion; agreeableness

What type of personality test involves the interpreting of an ambiguous image and is used to assess unconscious motives and conflicts?

a projective test

Which of the following is a similarity between human and nonhuman primate personalities?

Both human and nonhuman primates show behaviors related to neuroticism such as avoiding unfamiliar objects.

The actualizing tendency is the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism and is attributed to which theorist below?

Carl Rogers

Which of the following is TRUE about animal personality traits?

Measures of animal personalities have consistent results over time and among different raters.

Regarding the relative consistency of personality traits across different situations, most researchers today believe that:

external situational influences may limit the expression of personality traits, but personality traits are generally consistent across a wide variety of situations.

Nathan's personality test results indicated that he has a distinct personality type, ESTJ (extraverted, sensing, thinking, judging). It is most likely that Nathan has taken the:

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

The two most notable humanistic theorists are Carl Rogers and:

Abraham Maslow

According to social cognitive theory, the self-system is:

flexible.

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that _____ is associated with a large region of the frontal cortex called the "middle frontal gyrus," which is known to be involved in planning, working memory, and self-regulation.

conscientiousness

Which of the following personality theorists emphasized conscious thoughts and experience?

Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura

Ravi was upset after reading an article about children forced to work as prostitutes. Ravi told his friends about the problem, pointing out that a well-established, underground industry exists to supply children to brothels. Ravi argued that the suppliers were methodically preying on desperately poor families, deliberately capitalizing on their difficulties. Ravi felt that the suppliers justified their actions by convincing themselves that the children at least had a chance at a good life this way. Ravi's views are most in line with those of:

Albert Bandura.

Animal personality traits are defined as:

groups of behaviors that tend to cluster together, remain stable over different situations, and vary among individuals of a species.

According to Freud, during the genital stage of psychosexual development:

incestuous sexual urges toward the opposite-sex parent resurface.

Early in his medical career, Freud investigated the therapeutic uses of:

cocaine.

Trait theorists have analyzed and grouped large numbers of _____ in order to identify a smaller number of _____.

surface traits; source traits

When describing her best friend, Margo shares, "Wen is cheerful, happy, and energetic." These descriptions are called "_____ traits."

surface

Raymond Cattell used a statistical technique called "_____" to sort through a large number of personality traits and identify those that represented the most basic dimensions of personality.

factor analysis

The five-factor model of personality describes personality in terms of:

neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

A trait is formally defined as a(n):

relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.

Reaction formation is an ego defense mechanism that involves:

behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.

The research study described in your textbook tested the ability of graphologists to discriminate among people in different occupations, because graphologists claim to have special expertise in the area of predicting:

which job applicant will prove to be successful in a particular occupation.

It was _____ who said, "Man is a wolf to man."

Sigmund Freud

When David is asked to describe his best friend Josh, he responds: "Josh is very friendly, pretty intelligent, and a really nice guy. He seems laid-back, but he actually works hard at keeping up with his college classes. He's a lot of fun because he's always ready to try something new." David's description of his friend's personality would be most consistent with which of the following approaches to personality?

trait

Ivan Pavlov described four personality types for dogs. The four personality types are:

excitable, lively, quiet, and inhibited.

Daniel was adopted at birth. In a behavioral genetics study, similarities between Daniel and his adoptive parents are considered to be due to _____, and similarities between Daniel and his biological parents are considered to be due to _____.

environmental influences; genetic influences

Psychoanalyst Karen Horney emphasized the importance of _____ in personality development.

human relationships

A religious leader in a small city led a crusade against the local X-rated movie theaters, topless dance bars, and strip clubs, often leading groups of angry citizens to storm the buildings and threaten to shut them down. After a great deal of publicity, however, the newspaper published photos of the same man frequenting strip clubs and patronizing prostitutes in a neighboring state. Sigmund Freud would explain this man's behavior as an example of:

reaction formation.

Which of the following statements best describes Jung's notion of archetypes?

Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.

Cordelia believes that learning experiences play a critical role in the development of personality, especially in the development of a person's goals and beliefs about one's abilities. What perspective of personality do Cordelia's beliefs reflect?

social cognitive

The Focus on Neuroscience box "The Neuroscience of Personality: Brain Structure and the Big Five" described an MRI study that investigated whether personality traits are associated with differences in brain structure. What was a major conclusion of this study?

Preliminary findings suggest that there are biological influences on personality; however, the findings are correlational.

Researchers trying to determine whether personality traits are associated with specific brain structures have found that _____ is associated with larger tissue volume in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region that is associated with sensitivity to rewarding stimuli.

extraversion

Rose was given a new computer by her children on her birthday. However, she has never turned it on, because she doesn't think she will be able to learn how to use it. How would Albert Bandura explain Rose's behavior?

Rose's sense of self-efficacy is very weak in regard to learning how to use a computer.

In Freud's theory, if a parent overindulges or frustrates the child's expression of pleasurable feelings at a particular psychosexual stage of development, the:

child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.

Researcher Culum Brown studied whether Port Jackson sharks had personalities. Each shark was released from a closed box into an unknown habitat four separate times. Some sharks were quick to emerge, an indication of boldness, whereas others were more timid. Each shark's degree of boldness:

tended to be the same across all four trials, an indication of stable personality.

Traits that are the most fundamental dimensions of personality are called:

source traits.

Rosita has been classified as high in extraversion. According to Eysenck's theory, she is most likely to seek out a(n) _____ environment in order to _____.

stimulating; raise her level of arousal

Eight-year-old Anton plays almost exclusively with the other boys at his grade school. Anton's behavior suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

latency

Identify the trait theorist who believed that personality could be described in terms of 16 personality dimensions.

Raymond Cattell

Which of the following theorists believed that all people are positive, forward-moving, constructive, realistic, and trustworthy?

Rogers

In a research study described in your textbook, trained graphologists evaluated handwriting samples of 170 people. What were the findings of that study?

Although the graphologists predicted that they would be 100 percent accurate in distinguishing among the participants, they were not much more accurate than people with no training in graphology.

As in humans, personality traits in nonhuman animals emerge early in life and are:

influenced by genetics.

Jiao was upset after reading an article about children forced to work as prostitutes. Jiao believed that the adults involved had naturally fallen prey to their own cruel, aggressive impulses. If existing laws about prostitution were weakened, Jiao felt, such situations would only become more commonplace. Jiao's views are most similar to those of:

Sigmund Freud.

According to Table 10.5, Carl Jung proposed:

the idea of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological wholeness.

Dion has always considered himself to be an honest person. So when he walked into the empty classroom and found a wallet that contained a hundred dollars in cash, he took it to the campus security office. According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, Dion's behavior when he found the wallet was motivated by:

his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his evolving self-concept.

Dr. Portafino maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. What perspective of personality do Dr. Portafino's beliefs reflect?

psychoanalytic

According to _____, each person seeks congruence between his or her emotions and experiences and his or her _____.

Carl Rogers; self-concept

Womb envy is to _____ as penis envy is to _____.

Horney; Freud

People who score high on neuroticism show _____ brain activation in response to negative images than people who score low on neuroticism.

higher levels of

The first projective test was the famous Rorschach _____ Test, published by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach.

Inkblot

According to your textbook, the most widely used self-report inventory is the:

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.

What is graphology?

a pseudoscience that claims handwriting can reveal personality traits, temperament, intelligence, occupational attributes, and reasoning ability

Kelley and Madison are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families. In a twin study, similarities in their personality traits would be judged to be due to _____, and differences in their personality traits would be considered to be due to_____.

genetic influences; environmental influences

When seven-year-old Philip was caught pocketing a candy bar that he had not paid for, he felt ashamed and guilty. Using Freud's terminology, the sense of shame and guilt that Philip felt was a product of his:

superego.

Carl Rogers's theory of personality and humanistic psychology has been criticized for:

being naively optimistic about human nature.

In contrast to the other four traits, brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found no significant pattern of brain differences associated with:

openness to experience.

Identify the correct way in which the social cognitive perspective on personality differs from both the psychoanalytic and the humanistic perspectives.

The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data.

The field of behavioral genetics studies the:

influence of genes and heredity on behavior.

Someday, Susan would like to participate in a marathon. In training for the realization of this long-term goal, Susan has successfully completed a number of smaller events, including a half-marathon. Susan is steadily increasing her self-efficacy through:

mastery experiences.

It was _____ who said, "To be a human being means to have inferiority feelings. . . . But in the mentally healthy person this inferiority feeling acts as a motive for productivity, as a motive for attempting to overcome obstacles, to maintain oneself in life."

Alfred Adler

According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, a person is highly motivated to act in a way that is consistent with _____, which is congruent with his or her emotions and experiences.

his or her evolving self-concept

_____ emphasized the interaction among behavior, conscious cognitive processes, and social experiences in his personality theory, called "_____."

Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory

Because her baby seemed to enjoy putting so many things in his mouth, Aisha provided the infant with many different kinds of pacifiers and chewable toys. According to Freud's theory, Aisha is running the risk of producing _____ at the _____ psychosexual stage of development.

fixation; oral

Kaitlin is a personality researcher who believes that a person's conscious thoughts in a particular situation are likely to influence his or her goals and behavior. Kaitlin is most likely to agree with which of the following perspectives on personality?

the social cognitive perspective

According to Freud, the sexual urges of children during the latency stage of psychosexual development:

become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.

Which definition reflects Freud's view of the ego?

the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world

Your subjective belief about your ability to meet the demands of a particular situation is called:

self-efficacy.

Which of the following is TRUE about animal personalities?

Animal personalities have been documented in more than 200 species.

Five-year-old Cara has recently begun imitating her mother's actions and mannerisms. Freud would probably say that Cara's identification with her mother is the child's way of resolving the anxiety caused by:

the Oedipus complex.

Which of the following represents a key WEAKNESS of the social cognitive perspective?

It focuses only on limited aspects of human personality.

Which of these is NOT a reason a person might criticize Freud's psychoanalytic theory as sexist?

the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement

Logan and Chelsea were debating what would happen to society if the government collapsed and the military and police were disbanded. Logan was convinced that society would collapse and that chaos would occur, as there would be nothing to hold back the destructive, hostile tendencies of people. Logan's views are most similar to those of:

Sigmund Freud.

Which of the following psychoanalytic ideas has NOT been supported by empirical research?

Children predictably progress through the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital psychosexual stages.

Ego defense mechanisms:

distort thoughts or perceptions of reality.

Khalil's five-year-old son has recently become very possessive of his mother, pushing Khalil away whenever he tries to hug his wife. Freud would probably suggest that the little boy's behaviors reflect:

the Oedipus complex.

When Nicole was invited for a job interview at State University, she was extremely excited. However, when she learned that she would not get the job, Nicole told everyone, "It's just as well, I didn't really want to move to that cold, isolated wilderness anyway." Which ego defense mechanism best explains Nicole's behavior?

rationalization

Your textbook describes a research study that was designed to test the ability of graphologists to use handwriting samples to distinguish among occupational groups. What were the results of this study?

Graphologists were only slightly better than that of untrained evaluators when they evaluated handwriting samples.

Latency is to _____ as reaction formation is to _____.

psychosexual stage; ego defense mechanism

According to social cognitive theory, which of the following factors is likely to contribute to the self-regulation of behavior?

observing other people's behavior and the consequences of their actions

Nicki's job requires her to attend a lot of social functions where she is expected to network and make new contacts for her company. She finds these events to be exhausting. According to Eysenck's theory, Nicki is probably a(n):

introvert.

According to Table 10.5, _____ was the person who stressed the importance of parent-child relationships in the development of personality, described three patterns of behavior that individuals use to defend against basic anxiety, and proposed the concept of womb envy.

Karen Horney

According to Table 10.5, Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr., are best known for proposing:

the five-factor model of personality.

Which of the following statements reflects Freud's view of the superego?

It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.

Which of the following traits is considered a source trait?

sensitive

In contrast to Freud's view of psychosexual development, psychoanalyst Karen Horney contended that:

males often envy the capacity of females to bear children.

Even though Maya was not thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring memories about that day to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Maya's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.

preconscious

Gillian's club is planning a five-mile race as a fundraiser. Because Gillian had never run in a race before, she was certain that she would not be able to complete the five miles and instead volunteered to screen and register the runners. How might the social cognitive theory be used to explain Gillian's behavior?

Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.

_____ is a pseudoscience that claims that your handwriting reveals your temperament, personality traits, intelligence, and reasoning ability.

Graphology

Envying a women's capacity to bear children is called:

womb envy.

According to Table 10.5, Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr., are the key theorists associated with which major personality perspective?

the trait perspective

Jacob is imaginative, creative, and seeks out new experiences. Sean is hardworking, ambitious, neat, and prides himself on never giving up until a task is finished. In terms of the five-factor model, Jacob would probably score high on the dimension of _____, while Sean would probably score high on the dimension of _____.

openness to experience; conscientiousness

Dr. O'Higgins believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. O'Higgins probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality.

trait

John has been classified as high in introversion. Eysenck would predict that:

he would seek out and thrive in an environment that offered a relatively low level of stimulation.

Freud's famous technique of free association involved patients:

spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.

Dr. Romero asked her patient, Glen, to study a brightly colored image made by an inkblot on a card. She asked Glen to tell her what this image might be and took careful notes of his descriptions. What test is Dr. Romero using?

the Rorschach Inkblot Test

Possible selves refers to:

aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.

Two psychologists who made important contributions to the humanistic perspective on personality were:

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Which statement is accurate according to findings in the field of behavioral genetics?

Both genes and environmental factors influence some personality traits.

It was _____ who said that "the whole spiritual heritage of mankind's evolution [is] born anew in the brain structure of every individual."

Carl Jung

Eight-year-old Kayla loves to play soccer. When her teams wins, her parents take her out for celebratory ice cream, but when Kayla's team loses, her parents send her to bed without supper. The behavior of Kayla's parents is an example of:

conditional positive regard.

According to Alfred Adler, feelings of inferiority:

motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.

The most widely accepted trait theory today is called the:

five-factor model of personality.

What is a limitation of projective tests?

Different examiners are likely to find different results if they give the test to the same individual.

Jose is a ninth-grader who dreams of becoming a major-league baseball player. Because of his _____, Jose will probably practice long and hard to try to reach his goal.

possible self

During what Freud called the "_____ stage," a child derives pleasure through developing control over elimination via toilet training.

anal

Julian loves the thrill of engaging in antisocial behavior. He does things that excite him, and he does not even think of the impact of his actions on his own safety or the safety of others. For instance, just last Tuesday, he parachuted out of an airplane in the morning, and then successfully committed an armed robbery of a liquor store in the afternoon. Using Freud's terminology, which component of Julian's personality was dominating his behavior when he engaged in these activities?

the id

According to _____ model of personality, personality can be defined in terms of five basic dimensions.

the five-factor

Freud's personality theory was based primarily on case studies of:

a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients and himself.

Zelda describes herself as shy, hardworking, compassionate, and organized. Zelda's analysis of her own personality is most similar to which perspective on personality?

trait

Rhonda feels confident in her ability to dance the part of Clara in The Nutcracker ballet. Albert Bandura would say that Rhonda is showing a high level of:

self-efficacy.

A focus on individual differences in behavioral dispositions among people is known as the _____ perspective.

trait

According to research on feline personality, the "Big Five" traits are:

skittishness, outgoingness, dominance, spontaneity, and friendliness.

According to Alfred Adler, feelings of _____ are universal during infancy and childhood.

inferiority

According to Hans Eysenck, personality can be best described in terms of which basic trait dimensions?

introversion-extraversion; stability-neuroticism; and low psychoticism-high psychoticism

Freud believed that a special form of displacement, called "_____," is largely responsible for the productive and creative contributions of people and even whole societies.

sublimation

Which personality theorist had a social cognitive perspective?

Albert Bandura

Three-year-old JoonHee has learned that she must wait her turn to play with the blocks rather than take blocks away from other children. Using Freud's terminology, JoonHee's ability to postpone gratification in a socially acceptable way is a reflection of her:

ego.

In Hans Eysenck's personality model, someone who is low on the trait dimension of psychoticism would be:

warm and caring toward other people.

Dr. Duran showed his patient Adam a series of cards, each of which depicted an ambiguous scene, such as two people talking on a park bench, or an older woman looking over a young woman's shoulder. Dr. Duran asked Adam to tell him a story about the picture. What test is Dr. Duran using?

the Thematic Apperception Test

According to Eysenck, _____ refers to a person's predisposition to become emotionally upset.

neuroticism

Alyssa is a quiet, rather shy young woman who lives at home while attending college. She would rather meet an old friend for coffee than meet new people or go to parties. In terms of Hans Eysenck's model of personality, Alyssa appears to rate high on the trait of:

introversion.

Holly is a salesperson who spends her workday constantly interacting with the public. Though she works long hours, Holly still feels exhilarated at the end of the day. In fact, the greater her interaction with other people, the better she feels. According to Eysenck's theory, Holly is probably a(n):

extravert

Someday, Susan would like to participate in a marathon. However, although she has been an avid long-distance runner for many years, Susan has always been reluctant to sign up for a full marathon, because she is usually about 20 pounds overweight. While watching a recent marathon in her city, Susan noticed that a significant number of the participants were also somewhat overweight. Despite their extra pounds, these runners completed the marathon and did so in a respectable amount of time. After seeing this, Susan has decided to go ahead and begin training for her own marathon. This scenario provides an example of:

social modeling.

Irrational and chaotic is to the _____ as rational and reality-oriented is to the _____.

id; ego

At 25, Samuel is a very calm, even-tempered person who enjoys socializing with others and likes a lot of variety in his life. Psychological research would predict that at age 45, Samuel would:

display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.

According to _____ and _____ theory, personality and behavior are the end result of the interaction among cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors.

Albert Bandura; social cognitive

Humanistic theories of personality have helped promote the scientific study of:

creativity and the positive nature of personality.

Ethan and Jayla were debating what would happen to society if the government collapsed and the military and police were disbanded. Jayla felt strongly that although things would probably be chaotic at first, people would very naturally strive to help each other in constructive ways. Jayla's views are most similar to those of:

Carl Rogers.

Traits that are easy to infer from observable behaviors are called:

surface traits.

Humanistic psychology is a view of personality that emphasizes:

the study of psychologically healthy people

Both social cognitive and humanistic perspectives stress:

the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.

Which statement is NOT a valid criticism of Freud's theory of personality?

Freud's lifelong addiction to cocaine distorted his thinking.

Deanne really wants to drink a glass of wine, but she knows that it will make her too sleepy to finish her research paper, which is due in the morning. So, Deanne decides to save the glass of wine as a reward and drink it after she has completed her research paper. Which component of Freud's theory of personality facilitates Deanne's delay of gratification?

the ego

The main strength of projective tests is that:

they provide qualitative information about an individual that can be helpful in psychotherapy.

According to Albert Bandura, what is the best way to strengthen your sense of self-efficacy in a particular realm of behavior?

through observational learning and mastery experiences

A limitation of long personality assessments with hundreds of items is:

people may lose interest in carefully choosing the most appropriate response.

According to Freud's theory, the Oedipus complex:

is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.

Despite the popularity of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) in business, counseling, and career guidance settings, research has pointed to several problems with the MBTI. Which of the following is NOT identified as a problem with the MBTI?

The Myers-Briggs is a self-report inventory based on Carl Jung's personality theory and his proposal that people could be categorized into discrete personality types.

According to Alfred Adler:

the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.

It was _____ who said, "My own belief is that man has the capacity as well as the desire to develop his potentialities and become a decent human being, and that these deteriorate if his relationship to others and hence to himself is, and continues to be, disturbed."

Karen Horney

According to reciprocal determinism:

human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.

Psychologist Colin DeYoung and his colleagues had over 100 male and female participants undergo MRI scans and also take the NEO Personality Inventory, a personality test that is used to measure the Big Five traits. The researchers then compared the brain scans and the personality test results. One result found agreeableness was associated with:

greater volume in the fusiform gyrus, an area of the cortex specialized for perceiving faces.

Personality theories:

attempt to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

According the five-factor model of personality, the "Big Five" traits are:

neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

In Hans Eysenck's personality model, someone who is high on the trait dimension of psychoticism would be:

antisocial, cold, hostile, and unconcerned about other people.

Very late in his life, Freud left Vienna and moved to England because:

his life was threatened by the Nazis.

Which definition reflects Freud's view of the id?

the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification

Regarding projective tests, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.

Psychoanalyst Karen Horney described _____ as "the feeling that a child has of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world."

basic anxiety

In his career counseling practice, Dr. Tremaine uses a personality test called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This test differs from other self-report inventories, such as the MMPI and the CPI, in that:

it is designed to measure personality types rather than personality traits, and suffers from validity and reliability problems.

Four-year-old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing her, Brooke's parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Rogers's terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of _____ from her parents.

unconditional positive regard

A trait theorist would be most likely to describe an individual in terms of her:

unique combination of characteristics or attributes.

Why would it be adaptive for individuals in a species to vary on a given personality trait, rather than just all evolving to have the same, ideal level of that trait?

A full range of traits may allow a species to survive across a variety of contexts.

Jim and Trent like to watch movies and television programs depicting the zombie apocalypse. One evening, they got into a debate about what would happen if an actual zombie apocalypse were to take place in the United States. Jim felt strongly that the zombies would cause the government to collapse and that violent chaos would reign as a result, since people would no longer have rules and laws to keep them from harming one another. Jim's views are most similar to those of:

Sigmund Freud.

What motivates the newborn infant, according to Sigmund Freud?

pleasure principle

According to Raymond Cattell, the most basic dimensions of personality can be described in terms of _____ factors.

16

According to _____, horrific events throughout history illustrate that human cruelty reflects conscious, rational behavior.

Albert Bandura.

In Carl Rogers's personality theory, the term _____ refers to a condition in which a person's sense of self is consistent with his or her emotions and experiences.

congruence

Reciprocal determinism explains personality as the interaction:

of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.

In response to Freud's idea of penis envy, which theorist claimed, "It is not their penis, but their superior status in society that women envy"?

Karen Horney

The term that Carl Rogers used to describe a psychologically healthy person who does not deny or distort thoughts or emotions and has a flexible self-concept is:

a fully functioning person.

Research on personality traits has demonstrated that:

some personality traits change over the lifespan.

It was _____ who said, "The massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse."

Albert Bandura

As a general rule, the reliability and validity of self-report inventories are _____ than those of projective tests.

far greater

Trait theorists tend to believe that:

there are a small number of source traits that represent a universal way of describing individual personality differences.

In Freud's theory of personality, the _____ operates on the _____, which is the capacity to delay gratification until an appropriate time.

ego; reality principle

As a child, Dan loved to prance around the neighborhood wearing silly outfits. As he got older, he realized that he couldn't continue that kind of behavior unless he found some way for it to be viewed as more socially acceptable. Upon realizing this, Dan decides to pursue a career as a circus clown. According to Freud, Dan's _____, which operates on the _____ principle, is responsible for finding a reasonable and acceptable outlet for his desire to run around wearing silly outfits.

ego; reality

Cross-cultural research on traits has found that:

people in a variety of cultures could be described in terms of the same basic traits that are identified by the five-factor model.

Which perspective holds that people would instinctively choose positive, constructive behaviors if the restrictions of society were loosened?

humanistic

Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers contended that the most basic human motive is:

the actualizing tendency.

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that _____ is associated with increased volume in the posterior cingulate cortex, a brain region associated with understanding the beliefs of others.

agreeableness

The _____ emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes.

psychoanalytic perspective

Thousands of research studies have established the reliability and validity of all of the following self-report personality tests EXCEPT:

the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious:

is the part of the unconscious mind that reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people.

Verified questions

question

Explain the difference between quality control and quality assurance.

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economics

What is the purpose of the Consumer Price Index (CPI)?

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algebra

For the given categorical propositions, do the following. a. If necessary, rephrase the statement in standard form. b. State the subject and predicate sets. c. Draw a Venn diagram for the proposition, and label all regions of the diagram. d. Based only on the Venn diagram (not on any other knowledge you have), answer the question that follows each proposition. Every fish can swim. Can you conclude that some swimmers are not fish?

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question

Why is it true that a reinvestment rate is implicitly assumed whenever we find the present value of a future cash flow? Would it be possible to find the PV of a FV without specifying an implicit reinvestment rate?

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Which of these represents a key weakness of the social cognitive perspective?

Which of the following represents a key strength of the social cognitive perspective quizlet?

Which of the following is a criticism of the social cognitive approach to personality quizlet?

Which of the following best describes the social cognitive approach to personality quizlet?