Ladislav Volicer, M.D.,Ph.D Questions or comments should be mailed to Carol Walsh Return to Pharmacology Problem Sets This set of questions should help you to familiarize yourself with
drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system, their effects and mechanisms of action. The package is composed of two parts which are independent; each of them consists of ten items. The dose-effect curves labeled A, B, C, D, and E below represent curves for drugs administered alone or in combination. Use these curves to help you choose the most appropriate answer for the following items. I. Before we can consider specific agents, you have to know the basic principles governing receptor-drug interactions. Which of the following statements is true? a. Drug A is more potent than drug C in producing effect Y.b. Drug B is more potent than drug A in producing effect Y.c. Drug B has a higher intrinsic activity than Drug A.d. Two of the above statements are truee. None of the above statements is trueII. Many drugs act by affecting the activity of endogenous substances, such as neurotransmitters, autacoids, and hormones. Some of them potentiate an effect, some of them inhibit or antagonize it. There are three types of antagonists: chemical, physiological and pharmacological. Which of the following statements about an agent and its antagonist is true? a. Atropine is a physiological antagonist of acetylcholineb. Phenoxybenzamine is a chemical antagonist of norephinephrinec. Norepinephrine is a pharmacological antagonist of acetylcholined. Ipratropium is a pharmacological antagonist of acetylcholinee. Phentolamine is a physiological antagonist of norephinephrineIII. There are two types of pharmacological antagonists: competitive and non-competitive. A competitive antagonist interacts with the ligand-binding site on a receptor and produces a reversible or irreversible antagonism depending on the kinetics of its binding and dissociation. A non-competitive antagonist interacts with a site on the receptor other than the ligand-binding site or within the receptor signal transduction mechanism. If you assume that some of the dose-effect curves shown above were obtained with a combination of an agonist and an antagonist, which of the following statements is true? a. If curve A represents the effect of drug A given alone, curve C represents the effect of drug A after treatment with an irreversible competitive antagonistb. If curve C represents the effect of drug C given alone, curve D represents the effect of drug C after treatment with an irreversible competitive antagonistc. If curve C represents the effect of drug C given alone, curve D represents the effect of drug C in the presence of a reversible competitive antagonistd. If curve C represents the effect of drug C given alone, curve D represents the effect of drug C given in the presence of a non-competitive antagoniste. Two of the above statements are trueIV. If curve C represents the increase of motility of isolated stomach after acetylcholine was administered alone, which curve represents the effect of acetylcholine in a preparation pretreated with physostigmine? a. Curve Ab. Curve Bc. Curve Cd. Curve De. None of the aboveV. If curve C represents the increased heart rate of an isolated heart after treatment with norepinephrine, which curve might represent the effect of isoproterenol in the same preparation? a. Curve Ab. Curve Cc. Curve Dd. Curve Ee. None of the aboveVI. If curve C represents the vasoconstriction after norepinephrine was given alone, which curve represents the effect of norepinephrine in a preparation pretreated with cocaine? a. Curve Ab. Curve Bc. Curve Cd. Curve De. None of the aboveVII. If curve C represents the increased heart rate of an isolated heart after norepinephrine was given alone, which curve represents the effect of norepinephrine in a preparation pretreated with phentolamine? a. Curve Ab. Curve Ec. Curve Cd. Curve De. None of the aboveVIII. If curve C represents contraction of an isolated skeletal muscle after acetylcholine was administered alone, which curve represents the effect of acetylcholine in a preparation pretreated with succinylcholine? a. Curve Ab. Curve Cc. Curve Dd. Curve Ee. None of the aboveIX. If curve C represents contraction of an isolated blood vessel after phenylephrine was administered alone, which curve represents the effect of phenylephrine in a preparation pretreated with phenoxybenzamine? a. Curve Eb. Curve Bc. Curve Cd. Curve De. None of the aboveX. If curve C represents contraction of an isolated skeletal muscle after acetylcholine administration, which curve represents the effect of acetylcholine in a preparation pretreated with d-tubocurarine? a. Curve Ab. Curve Bc. Curve Cd. Curve De. Curve EPART BAn experiment was set up to record the blood pressure and heart rate of a cat, anesthetized with pentobarbital and maintained at plane III surgical anesthesia. The right vagus nerve was isolated and separated from its central connections. A pair of stimulating electrodes was placed around the distal vagus for stimulation when desired. Both carotids were isolated in the neck (below the carotid sinus) and were readily available for occlusion when desired. Doses of different drugs were administered intravenously or the nerves were stimulated for a period of two to three seconds. Blood pressure was measured with a pressure transducer, and heart rate was recorded as increased (+) or decreased (-) with respect to the base line represented as 0. Use the information above to answer the following questions: XI. Which procedure or drug would induce the changes of the blood pressure and heart rate observed 3 min after the beginning of the experiment? a. Vagus nerve stimulationb. Acetylcholine administrationc. Histamine administrationd. Two of the abovee. None of the aboveXII. Which drug or procedure would induce the changes of the blood pressure and heart rate observed 6 min after the beginning of the experiment? a. Phenylephrine administrationb. Administration of a low dose of epinephrinec. Occlusion of carotid arteries below the carotid sinusd. Two of the aboveXIII. Which of the following in the same dose would diminish and/or abolish the blood pressure changes resulting from both distal vagal nerve stimulation and carotid occlusion? a. Atropineb. Phentolaminec. Propranolold. Hexamethoniume. Two of the aboveXIV. Which drug or drug combinations would induce the changes of the blood pressure and heart rate observed 12 min after the beginning of the experiment? a. Administration of an average dose of epinephrineb. Administration of a large dose of norepinephrine in a preparation pretreated with phentolaminec. Histamine administrationd. Two of the abovee. All of the aboveXV. Which drugs would induce the changes of the blood pressure and heart rate observed 15 min after the beginning of the experiment? a. Tyramine administrationb. Albuterol administrationc. Prasozin Administrationd. Two of the abovee. None of the aboveXVI. Which of the following could induce the changes of the blood pressure and heart rate observed 18 min after the beginning of the experiment? a. Administration of epinephrine to a patient treated chronically with propranololb. Administration of methoxaminec. Ingestion of cheese in a patient treated chronically with phenelzine (an MAO inhibitor)d. Two of the abovee. All of the aboveXVII. Which treatment would induce the changes of the blood pressure and heart rate observed 21 min after the beginning of the experiment? a. Isoproterenol administrationb. Carotid occlusionc. Administration of epinephrine in a preparation pretreated with phentolamined. Two of the abovee. All of the aboveXVIII. If phenoxybenzamine were administered to the animal and the test procedures were repeated, you might expect which of the following? a. The change in blood pressure resulting from carotid occlusion would be greater than that seen in the control periodb. The change in blood pressure resulting from the administration of isoproterenol would be less than that seen in the control periodc. The change in blood pressure resulting from the administration of a low dose of epinephrine would be greater than that seen in the control periodd. Two of the abovee. All of the aboveXIX. Which treatment would induce the changes of the blood pressure and heart rate observed 24 minutes after the beginning of the experiment? a. Vagus nerve stimulationb. Acetylcholine administrationc. Histamine administrationd. Two of the abovee. All of the aboveWhat is true about the parasympathetic nervous system?The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's rest and digestion response when the body is relaxed, resting, or feeding. It basically undoes the work of sympathetic division after a stressful situation. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases respiration and heart rate and increases digestion.
Which of the following statements regarding the parasympathetic nervous system is correct?The parasympathetic system controls the secretion of the adrenal medulla. Correct answer = C. The parasympathetic nervous sys- tem maintains essential bodily functions, such as vision, movement of food, and urination.
Which of the following best describes the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?The correct answer is (c) Controls and maintains homeostasis. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which control the unconscious processes that help maintain homeostasis, or stable, internal conditions.
What is parasympathetic nervous system?Your parasympathetic nervous system is a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger. It also helps run life-sustaining processes, like digestion, during times when you feel safe and relaxed.
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