55.
(credit: modification of work by Marvin Whiteley, et
al./Nature) The two images are different magnitications of the same event. In the right image, the round shapes are bacteria held together by a polysaccharide matrix. The left image is how the structure looks at a lower magnification. What is being shown here? Early prokaryotes. A microbial mat. A culture of bacteria growing in agar. A biofilm. 56. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey conducted experiments which demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by simulating the conditions of Earth's early atmosphere. When Miller and Urey repeated their experiment without providing the electrical discharge, no organic compounds were found. Make a claim to hypothesize what might explain this result. Frame your claim within the context of the conditions of early Earth.
57.
(credit: modification of work by Sean Michael Scully/Science in School) This graph shows the growth rate of five types of bacteria at different temperatures. Separate colonies of each of these bacteria are kept at 45°C for an extended amount of time. Which bacteria would you expect to thrive at such temperatures?
58. Which of the following cell types does Figure 22.10 illustrate?
59. Demonstrate your understanding of the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes by choosing the option that best describes and compares the function and presence of cell organelles among the two groups.
60. A nonpathogenic bacterium acquires resistance to antibiotics. Reflect your understanding of this idea by determining which of the following scenarios describing how this strain could pose a health risk to people is false.
61. In a rapidly changing environment, which prokaryotic population would you hypothesize likely to be more successful, one that includes individuals capable of conjugation, or one that does not? Support your answer with appropriate reasoning.
62. Review the diagram, which summarizes results of an experiment using different preparations of E. coli grown either in the presence or the absence of the antibioitc ampicillin. Identify the plate or plates on which only ampicillin-resistant bacteria grow.
63. Evaluate the diagram, which summarizes the findings of an experiment with E.coli. Apply your understanding of the experiment and of bacterial genetic recombination to explain why there are fewer colonies on plate IV than on plate III.
64. Consider the identity of the labeled structures within a cell. Determine which of the structures allows you to positively identify the cell as a prokaryote.
65. A bacterial species that is a methanogen is discovered. Make a claim proposing a research question to answer If you wanted to build on this discovery to better understand the evolution of mechanisms related to the ability to capture, store, and use free energy in prokaryotes. Select the most appropriate question from those below.
66.
(credit: modification of work by Takuji Ohyama, et al./IntechOpen Book Series, under CC BY 4.0 License) The graph shows the amount of nitrogen fixation by a bacterium that lives in and near the roots of the sugar cane plant at different levels of oxygen. Disregard the "Fixed N in Medium" line. Based on the "Fixed N in Bacteria" line, make a hypothesis about this bacterium.
67. Which set of phrases related to nutritional and metabolic adaptations best fits the organisms described?
68. In an experiment, researchers grew plant seedlings in soils to which one of two strains of bacteria were added. A control group had no bacteria added to the soil. The seedlings’ uptake of the nutrient potassium increased dramatically in the soil with Strain 1 and decreased dramatically in the soil with Strain 2. Based on these findings, draw both specific and broad inferences about the relationship between the bacteria, the seedlings, and available nutrients.
69.
(credit: modification of work by Richard H. Nagelberg, DDS/Inside Dental Technology) Plaque is a colorless or pale yellow layer that forms on the teeth due to bacterial action. The image shows how plaque forms. Which option describes plaque?
70.
(credit: modification of work by Tyler Warkentien and Rebecca Pavlicek/Journal of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, under CC BY 4.0 license) Dengue fever is a viral disease carried between people by mosquitos. Dengue fever outbreaks were reported in 1635 and 1699. In World War II (1939-1945), Dengue fever, spread among the troops, was a major threat in the tropical Pacific. After 1945, the disease was largely contained. The graph shows the known cases of Dengue fever since 1955. What can be said about Dengue fever based on this data?
71. In a hypothetical research situation, scientists discover bacterial endospores in silt at the bottom of a marsh that has been contaminated with a pollutant for 25 years. The silt of the marsh was deposited in annual layers. This means that the age of the endospores can be estimated by identifying the layer of silt in which the endospores are found. In Flask A, researchers place 20-year-old endospores along with growth medium and the pollutant. In Flask B, researchers place 100-year-old endospores along with growth medium and the pollutant. Suppose the researchers observe the flasks for a while, continuing to replenish growth medium and pollutant as necessary. Predict the most likely results you would expect to see in the growth of the flasks after the allotted time
72.
(credit: modification of work by Alessandro Cassini, MD, et al./The Lancet, under CC BY 4.0 license) The graph shows the number of cases and number of attributable deaths for various types of antibiotic-resitant bacteria. The small graph at the bottom right part is the zoomed in view of the data on the bottom left part. Study the data for CRPA (carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and 3GCRKP (third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae). The bubbles for these two mostly overlap. Based on the data, make a claim about these bacteria.
73.
(credit: modification of work by Riju Agrawal/Foreign Policy) This graph shows the antibiotic resistance to penicillin in different countries. The x-axis shows the use of penicillin for treating outpatients (patients who are treated and sent home; patients who are not hospitalized). Noting penicillin is one of the many antibiotic drugs, make a hypothesis about antibiotic use in the countries seen in the graph.
74.
(credit: modification of work by Riju Agrawal/Foreign Policy) This graph shows the antibiotic resistance to penicillin in different countries. The x-axis shows the use of penicillin for treating outpatients (patients who are treated and sent home; patients who are not hospitalized). Make a claim about penicillin resistance based on this graph.
75.
(credit: modification of work by Abby Augarten/Ag Water Exchange) The graph shows the productivity of corn fields based on their nitrogen supply. Make a claim based on this graph.
76.
(credit: modification of work by James F. Power/American Journal of Alternative Agriculture) Legumes interact with soil bacteria and form nodules that fix nitrogen. The graph shows cultivation of legumes and use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Make a claim based on this graph.
77. More than 100 bacterial species live on the surface of the human body. Bacteria cover portions of human skin in concentrations of up to 8 million cells per square centimeter. In particular, human sebaceous glands support the growth of the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes, which uses oil from the glands for food. Two strains of P. acnes are associated with the development of acne on human skin, but other strains are associated with healthy skin. Which statement best describes the relationship between humans and P. acnes?
Which are the plate's that have only ampicillin resistant bacteria growing?Explanation: (A) The few colonies growing on Plate 1 consist of bacteria that have taken up the plasmid and are resistant to ampicillin.
Which of the following plates might be expected to have cultures of ampicillin resistant bacteria growing on it?So, the correct answer is 'Both plate A and plate B'
Which bacteria will grow on plates containing ampicillin and why?LB: This is the standard agar that all bacteria grow on.. LB/AMP: This plate contains ampicillin, only bacteria that contain the gene for the enzyme beta-lactamase, which breaks down ampicillin, will grow on this plate , our plasmid contains the Beta-lactamase gene.. What is the purpose of the ampicillin in the plates?Ampicillin is an antibiotic used to selectively eliminate bacteria that have not been transformed with plasmids containing an ampicillin resistance gene.
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