Which scientist most influenced the literary movement or style known as naturalism quizlet?

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-A type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings

-Coined by Emile Zola, defined as a literary movement which emphasizes observation and the scientific method in the portrayal of reality.

-For naturalistic writers, since human beings are, in Emile Zola's phrase, "human beasts," characters can be studied through their relationships to their surroundings.

-There is a "brute within" each individual, composed of strong and often warring emotions: passions, such as lust, greed, or the desire for dominance or pleasure; and the fight for survival in an amoral, indifferent universe. Naturalistic texts often describe the futile attempts of human beings to exercise free will, often ironically presented, in this universe that reveals free will as an illusion

Authors: Frank Norris, Edith Wharton, Upton Sinclair

Puritan writings sought to uphold strict moral and religious values of the Puritans, who broke away from the Church, seeking to simplify and purify it.

Puritan authors chose material which was useful in practice and was also in accord with God's laws. Art was a means, not an end, though they applied some artistry to make their writing effective. The theory of style was shaped by religious beliefs. In Puritanism, the universe centered on no man, but on god, and all man's energies must be devoted to god's service. Man was his creature, sinful, and could be freed from evil only through divine grace

-The puritan writers in the new world could not use a set of devices calculated to charm sensuously and to adorn their work. These devices and charms were thought to stir the carnal passions so powerful in the descendants of fallen Adam, so imagery was not used either

Authors: Richard Maher, Anne Hutchinson, Jonathan Edwards

-A literary movement that began in France and rapidly spread to the rest of Europe, Russia and the U.S.

-Centered on the portrayal of real life. Realist writers wrote about people with ordinary lives such as housewives, government officials, and poor teenagers.

-Renders reality closely and in comprehensive detail. Selective presentation of reality with an emphasis on authenticity, even at the expense of a well-made plot
Character is more important than action and plot; complex ethical choices are often the subject.

-Characters appear in their real complexity of temperament and motive; they are in explicable relation to nature, to each other, to their social class, to their own past. Vernacular is used, and these stories often center on poor or middle-class life

-Showed their readers that a normal life is meaningful.

Authors: Leo Tolstoy, Gustave Flaubert, George Eliot

-Also known as local color fiction and a sub genre of realism, this movement consists of fiction and poetry which focuses on the characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features particular to a region.

-This movement became popular in American literature after the Civil War, and is influenced by both romanticism and realism, as the author looks to describe distant lands and exotic cultures while maintaining minute detail and description.

-While local color fiction and regionalism are similar, regionalism incorporates broader themes of sectional differences, and is less condescending towards its subjects

Authors: Mark Twain, Harriet Beecher Stowe

-A movement of art, music, literature, architecture, and historiography in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, which was a rejection of the ideals of Classicism and Neoclassicism, such as order, calm, balance, and idealization.

-Instead of demonstrating these values of earlier literature, Romanticism focused on the individual, subjective, irrational, imaginative, and spontaneous.

-Romanticism contained a deepened appreciation for the beauty of nature, the placing of emotion before reason, and a heightened examination of human personality as well as a focus with the hero and exceptional figure and the exotic and mysterious.

-The artist was viewed as a supremely individual creator, who should break away from formal rules and procedures

Authors: Mary Shelley, Victor Hugo, Samuel Taylor Coleridge

-A movement that surfaced in Europe between World Wars I and II, Surrealism placed emphasis on positive expression, and was counter to the movement of rationalism that had guided European culture and politics before WWI, a movement which had been used to maintain order and keep revolution at bay.

-Surrealism was a way of uniting the conscious and unconscious so completely that the world of dream and fantasy would be joined to the everyday world in an absolute reality- a surreality. Genius was defined as the ability to access this realm, which Surrealism's creator, André Breton, believed was accessible to both poets and painters.

-In poetry, Surrealism was demonstrated by a juxtaposition of words that was startling because it was determined by unconscious thought processes. The majority of the movement of Surrealism, however, took place in the field of art.

Authors: André Breton, Paul Éluard, Pierre Reverdy

-A form of literature which is marked, both by a reliance on such literary conventions as fragmentation, paradox, unreliable narrators, often unrealistic and downright impossible plots, games, parody, paranoia, dark humor and authorial self-reference.

-Postmodern authors tend to reject outright meanings in their novels, stories and poems, and, instead, highlight and celebrate the possibility of multiple meanings, or a complete lack of meaning, within a single literary work.

Postmodern literature also often rejects the boundaries between 'high' and 'low' forms of art and literature, as well as the distinctions between different genres and forms of writing and storytelling. Postmodern literary styles and ideas serve to dispute, reverse, mock and reject the principles of modernist literature.

-Cynical: a belief that the world has already fallen apart and actual, singular meaning is impossible to find. All belief systems/ideologies are meant to control others and maintain political and social systems

Authors: Flann O'Brien, Samuel Beckett, Jack Kerouac