Grey LiteratureGrey Literature is a broad term that varies across discipline. In very general terms, grey literature is anything other than peer-reviewed, empirical research. Examples of grey literature include: unpublished research, government publications, theses and dissertations, statistics and datasets, news articles, trade and popular magazines, blogs, podcasts, social media posts (e.g., tweets), slide decks, or factsheets. Including grey literature in your systematic review can help mitigate publication bias. Show
According to GreyNet, 2013:
According to Paez, 2017:
Should you include grey literature?Can a type (or several types) of grey literature help to answer your research question? Do you have time for additional searches and processing additional material? If so, you should consider including grey literature in your review! However, not all questions will benefit from grey literature and you cannot include all kinds of grey literature. Wilson (2009) states: "Ignoring the grey literature on the basis that it is of inferior methodological quality is empirically and logically invalid. Furthermore, the use of publication status as a proxy measure for methodological quality abdicates the important role of carefully evaluating the robustness of the evidence to others using unknown criteria (i.e., the journal peer-review process)." ResourcesĆurković M, Košec A. Bubble effect: including internet search engines in systematic reviews introduces selection bias and impedes scientific reproducibility. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018 Nov 13;18(1):130. doi: 10.1186/s12874-018-0599-2. PMID: 30424741; PMCID: PMC6234590. Gusenbauer M, Haddaway NR. Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta-analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources. Res Synth Methods. 2020 Mar;11(2):181-217. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1378. Epub 2020 Jan 28. PMID: 31614060; PMCID: PMC7079055 Mahood, Q., Van Eerd, D., & Irvin, E. (2014). Searching for grey literature for systematic reviews: Challenges and benefits: MAHOOD ET AL . Research Synthesis Methods, 5(3), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1106 Paez A. Grey literature: An important resource in systematic reviews. J Evid Based Med. 2017 Dec 21. doi: 10.1111/jebm.12265. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 29266844. Check out Appendix I for an annotated list of grey lit sources! Scherer, R.W., Saldanha, I.J. How should systematic reviewers handle conference abstracts? A view from the trenches. Syst Rev 8, 264 (2019). https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu/10.1186/s13643-019-1188-0 Wilson, D.B. Missing a critical piece of the pie: simple document search strategies inadequate for systematic reviews. J Exp Criminol 5, 429–440 (2009). https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu/10.1007/s11292-009-9085-5 Conference ProceedingsConference proceedings are some of the most common types of grey literature to consider in systematic reviews. Many of the databases you'll search will include conference proceedings. But there are databases that contain only conference proceedings such as ProceedingsFirst, as well as databases containing the conference proceedings for a specific conference organization (which may require affiliation to access). If you plan to include a specific type of grey literature, like conference proceedings, it is not enough to include what you happen to find through your primary search. You should also search purposefully for this type of literature by targeting focused databases, just as you did when searching for peer-reviewed empirical research. According to PRISMA-S, Item 4:
Scherer & Saldanha, 2019 offer a more pragmatic approach, suggesting reviewers consider their capacity and corpus:
Which type of review uses qualitative methods to synthesize qualitative studies group of answer choices?d. A meta-synthesis is used to pool and combine findings from qualitative studies.
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What is true about evidenceWhich is true about evidence-based practice? The use of evidence-based practice results in improved patient outcomes.
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