A patient has been admitted to the hospital with vertebral fractures related to osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a major health problem among older adults, and it often results in substantial morbidity and disability. Hip fractures are responsible for most of the osteoporosis-related health care demands, with more than half a million fractures in the United States each year. It is estimated that by the ninth decade of life, 1 in every 3 women and 1 in every 6 men will have had a hip fracture (

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Birge S.J.
Morrow-Howell N.
Proctor E.K.

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). The short-term mortality from a hip fracture ranges from 10% to 20% (

Cumming S.R.
Black D.M.
Rubin S.M.

Lifetime risks of hip, collar or vertebral fracture and coronary artery disease among white postmenopausal women.

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). Among survivors, half require assistance walking, and one quarter require long-term nursing home care (

). The health care expenditure attributable to osteoporotic fractures in the United States in 1995 was estimated at $13.8 billion, 28% of which was spent for nursing home care (

Ray N.F.
Chan J.K.
Thamer M.
Mellton L.J.

Medical expenditure for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures in the United States in 1995 report from the National Osteoporotic Foundation.

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Article Info

Publication History

Published online: August 16, 2004

Accepted: April 26, 2000

Received in revised form: April 26, 2000

Received: November 30, 1999

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00457-5

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Which type of pain is caused by an abnormal processing of the pain impulse through the peripheral or central nervous system?

Neuropathic pain is the result of disease or injury to the peripheral or central nervous system and the lesion may occur at any point. These damaged nerve fibers send incorrect signals to other pain centers.

When assessing the quality of a patient's pain which of the following questions should the nurse asked the patient?

Does the pain radiate? Where? Does it feel like it travels/moves around? Did it start elsewhere and is now localized to one spot?

When working with a patient in acute pain the nurse knows that the most reliable indicator of pain is?

Self-report is the most reliable way to assess pain intensity. When the patient is able to report pain, the patient's behavior or vital signs should never be used in lieu of self-report.

Which factor is responsible for the secondary stimulation of pain receptors?

Hyperalgesia PG is the major component for sensitizing procedure of the nociceptors. Due to pain messengers attaching to receptors around the injury site, it causes the sensitization of the adjacent uninjured tissue to the mechanical stimuli, which is commonly known as secondary hyperalgesia or allodynia.