While the exact scope and extent of any specific investigation depends on the nature of the accident being investigated, every NTSB investigation goes through the same general process, which involves: Show
This process is not strictly linear, and phases overlap. For example, investigators may be waiting for log books while they are analyzing weather information, or their analysis of engine performance data may prompt them to request additional information from the manufacturer. The timing between the
beginning of an investigation and a probable cause determination and report varies based on the complexity of the investigation and the workload of the agency’s investigators. In general, the NTSB tries to complete an investigation within 12 to 24 months, but these and other factors can greatly affect that timing. Decision to LaunchThis phase begins when the NTSB is notified of a transportation accident and modal leadership decides to launch an investigation. In most cases, this will be in the immediate aftermath of the accident, although in some instances our involvement will come as critical safety issues are identified during an investigation by another authority. For marine investigations, the US Coast Guard is typically lead for investigations and we support from a safety investigation standpoint. In cases of suspected criminal activity, other agencies may participate in the investigation. We do not investigate criminal activity. Our focus is solely on transportation safety and determining probable cause. If a transportation tragedy is determined to be a criminal act, local law enforcement or the FBI becomes the lead investigative body. The NTSB respond only to accidents that occur on U.S. territory or in international waters. For foreign aviation accidents, the investigator is the government in whose territory the accident occurs. The NTSB will assist in the investigation as a U.S. "accredited representative" if a U.S. carrier or U.S. manufactured plane is involved. On-Scene & Fact GatheringDuring this phase, NTSB investigators gather the data and information needed to analyze the accident and determine a probable cause. This includes when an NTSB investigator or investigative team (the Go Team) travels to the accident site, as well as time spent gathering additional information from outside of the
accident scene itself, such as flight logs, maintenance records, and personal interviews. The Party System allows the NTSB to designate other organizations or companies as parties to the investigations, and allows the Board to leverage its resources to investigate about 2,000 aviation accidents and incidents a year, and about 500 accidents in the other modes of transportation: rail,
highway, marine, and pipeline. Analysis of FindingsDuring this phase, NTSB specialists analyze the information gathered to piece together a sequence of events and determine what happened to cause the accident. The team, including a writer-editor experienced with the technical terminology of that mode of transportation, then writes the draft report. This report provides a description of the accident, a review of the investigative analysis, and a determination of probable cause. The report is then brought forward for either the modal office director approval (under a delegated authority) or to a public Board meeting with our Board Members for adoption. Final Reports & DocumentsOnce the final accident investigation report has been adopted, the final copy of the report will be prepared for public release. Beyond the InvestigationNTSB investigations do not end at the determination of a probable cause. In many cases, investigations reveal important safety issues that we address with Safety Recommendations. These recommendations can be directed to regulatory agencies, manufacturers, state and local jurisdictions, companies, and other organizations involved in the specific transportation area. Once recommendations are issued, NTSB staff:
The Majority of Sexual Assaults Are Not Reported to the PoliceOnly 310 out of every 1,000 sexual assaults are reported to police. That means more than 2 out of 3 go unreported.1
Reasons Victims Choose to Report—or NotOf the sexual violence crimes reported to police from 2005-2010, the survivor reporting gave the following reasons for doing so:5
Of the sexual violence crimes not reported to police from 2005-2010, the victim gave the following reasons for not reporting:5
Read more statistics about perpetrators of sexual violence. View statistics on additional topics..Understanding RAINN’s statisticsSexual violence is notoriously difficult to measure, and there is no single source of data that provides a complete picture of the crime. On RAINN’s website, we have tried to select the most reliable source of statistics for each topic. The primary data source we use is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), which is an annual study conducted by the Justice Department. To conduct NCVS, researchers interview tens of thousands of Americans each year to learn about crimes that they’ve experienced. Based on those interviews, the study provides estimates of the total number of crimes, including those that were not reported to police. While NCVS has a number of limitations (most importantly, children under age 12 are not included), overall, it is the most reliable source of crime statistics in the U.S. We have also relied on other Justice Department studies, as well as data from the Department of Health and Human Services and other government and academic sources. When assembling these statistics, we have generally retained the wording used by the authors. Statistics are presented for educational purposes only. Each statistic includes a footnote citation for the original source, where you can find information about the methodology and a definition of terms. Learn more about RAINN's statistics. Sources:
What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States?Probation, the most frequently used criminal sanction, is a sentence that an offender serves in the community in lieu of incarceration.
When a judge sentences someone to a diversionary program it is known as which of the following?Pretrial diversion (PTD) is an alternative to prosecution which seeks to divert certain offenders from traditional criminal justice processing into a program of supervision and services administered by the U.S. Probation Service. In the majority of cases, offenders are diverted at the pre-charge stage.
How many states have truth in sentencing laws?In 1998 incentive grants were awarded to 27 States and the District of Columbia that met the eligibility criteria for the Truth- in-Sentencing program. Another 13 States have adopted a truth-in- sentencing law requiring certain offend- ers to serve a specific percent of their sentence.
Which of the following is the correct definition of an indeterminate sentence?An indeterminate sentence is a type of custodial sentence that consists of a range of years (such as five to ten years) and not a fixed time, which means the convicted person's release date is left open.
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According to some researchers, the u.s. default response to crime is which of the following?
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