What hormones regulate the reabsorption of sodium and water in the distal convoluted tubule Quizlet

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The glomerulus is a passive filter that acts as a barrier to larger molecules, such as most plasma proteins. Also, because most proteins carry a net negative charge, they are repelled by the membrane, thereby hindering their passage. However, some smaller proteins can and do pass through the filtration membrane. Most of them are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by endocytosis and then broken down into amino acids to be returned to the blood in the peritubular capillaries. The mechanism of exercise-induced proteinuria is unclear, but it is typically a transient occurrence. Any kidney disease can render the glomerulus dysfunctional, leading to a more sustained proteinuria. In fact, Max's hypertension, if left unchecked, could damage the filtration membrane of the glomerulus. The proteinuria will increase the specific gravity of his urine (along with his relative dehydration).

Also called Nephron Loop
Descending limb- permeable to :
Simple cuboidal epithelium to Simple squamous epithelium
The simple squamous portion is called the Thin segment
Ascending limb permeable to :
Simple squamous epithelium to Simple cuboidal epithelium
Thin segment to Thick Segment
Important to concentrated urine
Most are entirely medullary... Thin descending limb of loop of Henle

The thin descending limb has low permeability to ions and urea, while being highly permeable to water. The loop has a sharp bend in the renal medulla going from descending to ascending thin limb.

Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle

The thin ascending limb is not permeable to water, but it is permeable to ions.

Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) ions are reabsorbed from the urine by secondary active transport by the Na-K-2Cl symporter (NKCC2). The electrical and concentration gradient drives more reabsorption of Na+, as well as other cations such as magnesium (Mg2+) and importantly calcium (Ca2+).

Cortical thick ascending limb—The cortical thick ascending limb drains urine into the distal convoluted tubule.[1]
......In the kidney, the loop of Henle (or Henle's loop or ansa nephroni) is the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. Named after its discoverer F. G. J. Henle, the loop of Henle's main function is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney.[1]

By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which utilizes electrolyte pumps, the loop of Henle creates an area of high urine concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct. Water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the collecting duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion.[1]

The processes of reabsorption and secretion continue to alter the composition of the tubular filtrate throughout the distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule, and collecting duct. After exiting the collecting duct no further modification occurs as urine travels through the papillary duct, minor and major calyxes, and the renal pelvis, where urine exits the kidney. The renal pelvis flows into the ureters, through which urine is carried to the bladder. Here it is stored and intermittently released into the urethra as it exits the body.

The composition and volume of urine varies due to multiple factors, including the level of hydration, blood pressure, and hormones. The hormones aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) have significant influences on the amount of filtered sodium and water remaining in the urine. Adjustments in the amount of water reabsorbed directly affects urine volume, thus each of these hormones plays an important role in regulating urine volume.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition that results in hyperglycemia, or abnormally high blood glucose levels. There are three types of diabetes mellitus; type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are sometimes referred to as "insulin-dependent" and "insulin independent" respectively. Gestational diabetes is usually a temporary condition present during pregnancy.

Individuals with untreated diabetes mellitus have higher glucose levels within the tubular filtrate due to the high blood glucose levels. Normally, 100% of the filtered glucose gets reabsorbed as it passes into the tubular cells through the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 found at the luminal membrane, and enters the interstitial fluid through the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT2 found at the basolateral membrane. When glucose levels exceed normal values these transport proteins become saturated, unable to reabsorb all of the glucose within the tubular filtrate. This causes glucosuria, in which glucose remains within the tubular filtrate and thus is present within the urine. The increased osmolarity of the glucose-rich tubular filtrate causes water to move into the tubular filtrate by osmosis. This is referred to as osmotic diuresis. The result of this action is an increase in the frequency and volume of urine, and subsequent excessive thirst.

An emerging class of drugs is being tested that seeks to lower blood glucose levels by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose. These drugs target and inhibit the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2, disrupting glucose reabsorption and increasing urinary glucose secretion. Although these drugs are still undergoing clinical trials, they may potentially assist in controlling blood glucose levels of individuals with type 2 diabetes.

After blood is filtered in the renal corpuscle, the filtrate passes into the renal tubule, which consists of three fairly distinct regions of cells specialized to promote molecular exchange between the renal tubule and the interstitial fluid. The primary goal of the renal tubule is to reabsorb substances into the blood that the body needs to help maintain homeostasis, and to eliminate substances the body does not need or that might be toxic to the body. In addition to urine formation, the kidneys help regulate blood pressure by balancing the levels of water and sodium that are reabsorbed versus excreted. This is a prime example of the integrative nature of body systems.

The renal tubule consists of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop (Loop of Henle), and distal convoluted tubule (DCT). As the filtrate moves through the renal tubules, its composition is selectively altered through the processes of tubular reabsorption and secretion. Materials that are reabsorbed move out of the tubular filtrate by crossing both the luminal and basolateral membranes of the tubular cells, entering the interstitial fluid, and moving into the peritubular capillaries. Materials that are secreted move in the opposite direction, from the blood in the peritubular capillary to the tubular filtrate. Both reabsorption and secretion occur throughout the renal tubule; however the majority of reabsorption occurs within the proximal convoluted tubule.

What hormones regulate the reabsorption of sodium and water in the distal convoluted tubules?

Which two hormones increase reabsorption of water in the distal tubule?

Which of the following hormones regulates sodium reabsorption quizlet?

What hormones control what happens at the distal convoluted tubule quizlet?