What strategies did China adopt to confront its various problems during the 1860s and 1870s?

Bingham

4/2/2017 13:22:32

How did European expansion in the nineteenth century differ from that of the early modern era

Europe in the nineteenth century drew on considerable new resources created by the Industrial Revolution to support its expansion.
European states were more powerful in the nineteenth century and were able to field more military resources in their imperialist competition with each other.
To a greater extent than before, in the nineteenth century Europe got involved in other parts of the world in networks of trade, investment, and sometimes migration. This ultimately generated a new world economy.
Unlike the early modern period, in the nineteenth century European expansion brought with it a new culture of modernity—its scientific rationalism and technological achievements, its belief in a better future, and its ideas of nationalism, socialism, feminism, and individualism.

Amy Vaughan

6/2/2017 20:01:31

I'm not sure I recognize this question. Is it one from last chapter?

Bingham

7/2/2017 11:03:25

Oh, sorry, I have the old book at home. :-(

Bingham

4/2/2017 13:26:29

How did Western pressures stimulate change in China during the nineteenth century?

China was forced to continue to import opium.
China had to give Hong Kong to Britain and open a number of other ports to European merchants.
It had to set import tariffs into China at the low rate of 5 percent.
Foreigners were given the right to live in China under their own laws.
Foreigners received the right to buy land in China.
China was opened to Christian missionaries.
Western powers were permitted to patrol some of the interior waterways of China.
China lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the Western nations plus Japan and Russia all had carved out spheres of influence within China, granting them special privileges to establish military bases, extract raw materials, and build railroads.
Ultimately, Western pressure weakened the Chinese state at precisely the time when China required a strong government to manage its entry into the modern world, and restrictions imposed by the unequal treaties also inhibited China’s industrialization.

Bingham

5/2/2017 14:02:54

Many of you are regressing to your old cram-at-the-last-minute study habits - and it shows in your recent test scores. Sad!

Yasmeen Gaber

5/2/2017 17:33:09

What lay behind the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century?

1. domains shrank at the hands of foreign aggression
2. territories' surge of nationalism; support from the British and Russians-->independence movements
3. Central state had weakened (especially fiscally), local authorities gained power-->decentralization
4. Janissaries lost their military edge
5. technological, military gap widened between Ottomans and the West
6. Afro-Eurasian commerce diminished as Europeans found direct routs to Asia
7. capitulations (agreements) between Europeans and the Ottomans saw Europeans exempt from Ottoman tax laws
8. increasing debt-->foreign loans-->inability to ay interests on loans-->Europe gains leverage

Not sure if all of this is relevant/can be condensed/is there anything I'm missing?

Taylor Scott

6/2/2017 22:22:23

This kind of goes under number 6:
-competition from cheap European manufactured goods led to urban riots protesting foreign imports

Yasmeen Gaber

5/2/2017 17:48:55

What accounts for the massive peasant rebellions of nineteenth-century China?

1. population growth without the Industrial Revolution=pressure on peasant land; poverty, unemployment, starvation
2. state unable to perform tasks such as flood control-->peasants at a loss
3. state lost control-->power gained by local authorities, gentry-->corruption endemic-->peasant mistreatment
4. European military pressure and economic expansion-->raised peasant taxes

Specifically the Taiping Rebellion:
5. religious motivation: Christianity; opposition to social policies of opium smoking and prostitution
6. opposition to Qing dynasty as a whole
7. Women attracted by claims (but not actuality) of equality

This chapter and I are not super great friends...any edits welcome!!

Taylor Scott

6/2/2017 22:26:32

Don't forget that China's internal expansion did not generate the wealth and resources that were seen in Europe's overseas empires!

Yasmeen Gaber

7/2/2017 16:45:25

Thanks! Retrospectively, that seems hard to miss.

Mia Wei

7/2/2017 20:53:32

for #1, in addition to not being accompanied by Industrial REvolution, also agricultural production could not keep up with growing population

Amy and Eliza

6/2/2017 20:37:48

MQ6: In what different ways did various groups define the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century?

Yüng Ottomans:
-Secular state whose people were loyal to ruling dynasty (rather than ruled by religious principles)
-Embrace Western science and technology while rejecting materialism
-Islam as the basis of freedom, progress, rationality and patriotism (traditionally Western ideas)

Yüng Turks:
-Turkish national state
-Led by military and civilian elites
-Advocated militantly secular public life
-Abandoning Islam altogether

Sultan Abd al-Hamid II: (ruled during the reign of the Young Ottomans)
-temporarily reverted the empire’s identity to a despotic state with pan-Islamic identity

Taylor Scott

6/2/2017 22:30:48

Could you possibly add that the nationalist Turkish conception of Ottoman identity antagonized non-Turkic peoples and helped stimulate Arab and other nationalisms in response?

Yasmeen Gaber

6/2/2017 21:23:19

What strategies did China adopt to confront its various problems? In what ways did these strategies reflect China's own history and culture as well as the new global order?

1. "self-strengthening": cherry-picking what they wanted from the West (including new examination system, support fro landlords, restoration of socioeconomic order, new factories, coal mines, telegraphs) to strengthen the already-formed state-->inhibition by conservatives who wanted money for landlords-->foreign dependency for materials, the "how-to" for production, power goes to local authorities
2. failure of self-strengthening-->anti-foreign movements-->disillusionment with Qing dynasty-->clubs to examined the situation-->admiration of the West, belief in unity as key in success
3. self-strengthening showed that China still liked some European things, mirroring the Englishmen and had to be practical with the sphere of influence encroaching upon them
4. Boxer Uprising showed that the Chinese always have/always will value unity and that the West had risen in the new global order

This one was tricky for me...give me a sign if I'm in the right direction!

Taylor Scott

6/2/2017 22:38:43

I organized it like this. Maybe we could blend and flush this answer out!

-overhauled examination system
-support for landlords and the repair of dikes and irrigation helped restore social and economic order
-industrial factories producing textiles and steel were established
-mines were expanded
-telegraph system was initiated
-modern arsenals, shipyards, and foreign-language schools sought to remedy deficiency in Chinese weapons to those of foreign countries
-erode the power and privileges of the landlord class
-dependent on foreigners for machinery, materials, and expertise
-new industries served to strengthen local authorities
-Chinese nationalism

It's pretty much the same thing (just broken down some more)

Yasmeen Gaber

6/2/2017 21:33:58

In what ways was Japan changing during the Tokugowa era?

1. without wars, the samurai became a sizable, salaried bureaucratic class
2. centuries of peace-->economic growth, commercialization, urban development
3. peasants and agricultural innovations-->rural enterprises, more rice than ever
4. became the world's most urbanized country--10% lived in towns/cities
5. Well-functioning markets-->emerging capitalist economy
6. Confucian influence-->educational development-->40% literacy in men, 15% in women
7. All of the above lead to Japan's industrial revolution
8. social classes blurred as people chose the lives they wanted-->social mobility

Taylor Scott

6/2/2017 22:41:38

Could you also add that corruption was widespread?

Taylor Scott

6/2/2017 22:45:43

In what respects was Japan's nineteenth century transformation revolutionary?

-genuine national unity that ended the semi-independent domains of the daimyo
-widespread and eager fascination with almost everything Western (began to borrow more selectively and combine foreign and Japaneses elements in distinctive ways)
-small feminist movement
-state-guided industrialization program

Anything to add?

Cassie Barham

9/2/2017 19:42:29

I think the Westernization is a valid point, but I think you might need to get more specific with some sub-bullet points maybe? These were some things that I found to be pretty important within that:

--Dissolving of Confucian traditions which was seen in the abolition ofclass restrictions on occupation, marriage, and residence.
--The study of science and technology of the West and its numerous political and consitution, cultural, and legal changes

Also I question "small feminist movement" as being something really revolutionary. As you said, it was relatively small.

Taylor Scott

6/2/2017 22:49:09

How did Japan's relationship to the larger world change during its modernization process?

-Western powers revised unequal treaties in Japan's favor
-launched its own empire-building enterprise (gained colonial control of Taiwan, Korea, and territorial foothold in Manchuria)
-was now an economic, political, and military competitor in Asia to Europeans and Americans

Anything to add?

Cassie Barham

9/2/2017 19:44:38

I think you can add that Japan's success served to be a source of inspiration for subject people's elsewhere.

Taylor Scott

6/2/2017 22:53:09

In what different ways did the Ottoman state respond to its various problems?

-"defensive modernization"
-sought to reorganize and update the army and to draw on European advisers and techniques
-Tanzimat (reorganization)
-gave non-Muslims equal rights
-greater opportunities for women (to strengthen the state educationally)

Anything to add?

Leave a Reply.

Bingham

Welcome class of 2019. Some years students collaborate in this space effectively, some years not so much. One thing I know, collaboration significantly enhances learning. If you want access to my thoughts, this is the collaboration space to use. Most people propose an answer to margin questions, big picture question, or anything else related to managing Strayer. Other people can then comment leading to a stronger answer. I'll keep an eye on these pages, and pop in when I think you need me.

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