Which type of research query in naturalistic inquiry is used primarily to generate theory?

What is qualitative research?

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Participatory action research
Which of the following type of qualitative analysis involves identifying recurrent themes patterns in the data and can be used to develop new hypotheses?
Which of the following lists the four major categories of design in experimental type research?
Is coding used in naturalistic analysis?
What is the purpose of grounded theory quizlet?

Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives. Rather than by logical and statistical procedures, qualitative researchers use multiple systems of inquiry for the study of human phenomena including biography, case study, historical analysis, discourse analysis, ethnography, grounded theory, and phenomenology.

University of Utah College of Nursing, (n.d.). What is qualitative research? [Guide] Retrieved from https://nursing.utah.edu/research/qualitative-research/what-is-qualitative-research.php#what

The following video will explain the fundamentals of qualitative research.

Using the language and thinking processes you learned in Chapter 8, we are now ready to explore naturalistic inquiry in more detail. This chapter highlights 10 specific designs of high relevance to health and human service–related concerns. These designs exemplify the wide variation in the naturalistic tradition, the different ways in which complex social phenomena are tackled, and how researchers working out of different naturalistic traditions organize the “10 essentials” of the research process (see Chapter 2). Although there are other naturalistic inquiry approaches that could be presented, examining these 10 designs will provide the foundational knowledge necessary to understand naturalistic inquiry overall.

First, let us reflect a bit on naturalistic inquiry and what we have learned thus far. Do you remember one of the basic principles of naturalist designs? You may recall our discussions in previous chapters that a fundamental principle of all naturalistic designs is that phenomena occur or are embedded in a context, natural setting, or field. The fundamental thinking process characterizing the research process is induction. As such, research processes are implemented and unfold in the identified context through the course of conducting fieldwork. Fieldwork refers to the basic activity that engages all investigators who work in the naturalistic tradition. In conducting fieldwork, the investigator enters an identified setting to experience and understand it without artificially altering or manipulating conditions. The purpose is to observe, understand, and come to know so that theory may be described, explained, and generated. This principle is essential to all naturalistic designs, but the way in which investigators come to know, describe, and explain phenomena differs among designs. That is, although each design shares the basic language and thinking processes discussed in Chapter 8, each design is also based in its own distinct philosophical tradition. As such, these designs differ in purpose, sequence, and investigator involvement (Box 10-1).

This chapter provides the basic framework of the 10 designs that have great methodological value for naturalistic inquiry in health and human services: endogenous, participatory action, critical theory, phenomenology, heuristic, ethnography, narrative, life history, grounded theory, and meta-analysis. Table 10-1 summarizes how these naturalistic designs compare in purpose, sequence, and investigator involvement. Remember as you read that the sequence by which the 10 essential thinking and action processes are applied is not fixed. Therefore, the essentials cannot be prescribed a priori for each of these 10 naturalistic designs.

TABLE 10-1

Basic Framework of 10 Designs in Naturalistic Inquiry

Design Strategy	Purpose	Sequence	Investigator Involvement
Endogenous	To yield insider perspective through involvement of subject as researcher	Variable	Determined by subjects/informants
Participatory action	To generate knowledge to inform action	Variable	Inclusive team of investigators and participants
Critical theory	To understand experiences for social change	Variable	Investigator directed
Phenomenology	To discover meaning of lived experience	Narrative	Listener/reporter
Heuristic	To reveal personal and lived experience	Variable	Investigator and informant
Ethnography	To understand culture	Prescribed	Investigator directed
Narrative	To understand stories of marginalized individuals	Can be embedded in other designs; analytical strategy	Investigator directed
Life history	To yield biographical experience	Narrative	Investigator directed
Grounded theory	To generate theory	Prescribed	Investigator directed
Meta-analysis	To synthesize body of knowledge	Prescribed	Investigator directed

Participatory action research

Participatory action research broadly refers to different types of action research approaches. These varied approaches to action research each reflect a different epistemological assumption and methodological strategy. However, all are “participative, grounded in experience, action-oriented,”4 and are founded in the principle that those who experience a phenomenon are the most qualified to investigate it. Similar to endogenous research, participatory action research involves individuals as first-person, second-person, and third-person4 participants in designing, conducting, and reporting research. By “first-person research,” we mean that individuals who experience the phenomenon of interest systematically reflect on their own lives. “Second-person research” refers to the initiation of an inquiry by a researcher who then branches out to collaborate directly with individuals and communities about a shared problem. In “third-person research” the collaborative nature is still essential, but the direct interaction between researcher and collaborator is not present. Communication takes place through other venues, such as written formats and reports.4 Consistent with others, we believe that the ideal participatory action inquiry includes all three perspectives and approaches.

The purpose of action research is to generate knowledge to inform responsive action. Researchers using a participatory framework usually work with groups or communities experiencing issues and needs related to health and welfare, disparities in health and access to health care, elimination of oppression and discrimination, equal opportunity, and social justice.

The concept of action research was first developed in the 1940s by Lewin, who blended experimental-type approaches to research with programs that addressed critical social problems. Social problems served as the basis for formulating a research purpose, question, and methodology. Therefore, each research step was connected to or involved with the particular organization, social group, or community that was the focus of inquiry and that was affected in some way by the identified problem or issue. More recently, others have expanded this approach to inquiry. The action research design is now used in planning and enacting solutions to community problems and service dilemmas.5

Action research is based on four principles or values (Box 10-2). The principle of democracy means that action research is participatory; that is, all individuals who are stakeholders in a problem or issue and its resolution are included in the research process. Equity ensures that all participants are equally valued in the research process, regardless of previous experience in research. Liberation suggests that action research is a design that is aimed at giving the power of inquiry to participants themselves, decreasing oppression, exclusion, and/or discrimination. Life enhancement positions action research as a systematic strategy that promotes growth, development, and fulfillment of participants of the process and the community they represent.

Participatory action research uses thinking and action processes from the experimental-type or naturalistic tradition or an integration of the two. Similar to endogenous design, there is no prescribed or uniform design strategy. Nevertheless, action research is consistent with naturalistic forms of inquiry in that all research occurs within its natural context. Also, most action research relies on action processes that are characteristically interpretive in nature.6

Let us examine the sequence in which the 10 research essentials are followed in a participatory action research study. Action research is best characterized as cyclical, beginning with the identification of a problem or dilemma that calls for action, moving to a form of systematic inquiry, and culminating in planning and using the findings of the inquiry. Each step is informed or shaped by the participants of the study. The purpose of the following participatory action study was to establish community programs to enhance the transition of adolescents with special health care needs from high school to work or higher education.7

Using the principles of action research and first-, second-, and third-person approaches, the investigators first identified the stakeholders involved in this issue. They included adolescents and their parents, educators, health care providers, employers, and policy makers. To ensure that the research plan reflected the underlying principles of democracy and equity, the investigators convened a group made up of representatives from each of the stakeholder groups. This group became the core participatory researchers. These participatory researchers and the two investigators discussed the research problem and collaboratively negotiated and structured the research method. Focus groups were identified as the primary data collection method, so all team members were trained in this approach. Focus groups of each of the stakeholder groups examined the service needs perceived by each group. Each focus group was facilitated by two members of the participatory team. Data were collected and analyzed by the participatory team. The team reported the findings to planning groups consisting of the same stakeholder groups. A comprehensive service plan was developed, implemented, and evaluated by the participatory action team.7

Note that all members of the team were valued and contributed equally to the design, implementation, analysis, and application of the research.

Participatory action research is now used for many purposes, often involving advocacy for underserved groups. The pragmatic foundation combined with its democratic values render action research a useful tool for identifying, empirically supporting, and assessing needed change.

Which of the following type of qualitative analysis involves identifying recurrent themes patterns in the data and can be used to develop new hypotheses?

Thematic analysis is a qualitative data analysis method that involves reading through a data set (such as transcripts from in depth interviews or focus groups), and identifying patterns in meaning across the data to derive themes.

Which of the following lists the four major categories of design in experimental type research?

Four major design types with relevance to user research are experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational and single subject. These research designs proceed from a level of high validity and generalizability to ones with lower validity and generalizability.

Is coding used in naturalistic analysis?

Coding is not used in naturalistic analysis.

What is the purpose of grounded theory quizlet?

What is the goal of grounded theory? to develop a conceptually dense understanding of a phenomenon that is grounded in actual observations. The intent is to use the data, grounded in reality, to describe or explain processes as they occur in reality, not as they have been conceptualized previously.