Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or attention deficit disorder (ADD), is a syndrome characterized by degrees of inattention, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity. Show
What is ADHD?
PathophysiologyBoth genetic and environmental factors contribute to ADHD, “nature and nurture.”
Statistics and IncidencesADHD is a valid diagnosis that affects 3% to 5% of school age children and may persist into adulthood.
CausesThe cause of the disorder is unclear: developmental lag, biochemical disorders, and food sensitivities are all theories under consideration.
Clinical ManifestationsThe child with ADHD may have these characteristics:
ComplicationsADHD doesn’t cause other psychological or developmental problems; however, children with ADHD are more likely than others to also have conditions such as:
Assessment and Diagnostic FindingsDiagnosis can be made after the child is three (3) years old but often is not made until the child reaches school age and has trouble settling into the routine of being in the classroom setting.
Medical ManagementThe therapeutic approach to ADHD has been shifting.
Pharmacologic TherapyMedication is used for some children; the medications of choice are stimulants, and for adults with ADHD stimulants represent the best first-line therapeutic option.
Nursing ManagementNurses must be knowledgeable enough in taking care of patients with ADHD; environmental and behavioral settings should be taken into consideration. Nursing AssessmentAssessment of ADHD typically involves the comprehensive evaluation of information gathered from a number of sources, including parents/carers, family members, teachers, partners and colleagues, depending on the age of the patient.
Nursing DiagnosisBased on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses appropriate for the patient are:
Nursing Care Planning and GoalsThe major goals for a patient with ADHD are:
Nursing InterventionsThe nurse‘s role in caring for the patient with ADHD involves the following interventions:
EvaluationAfter implementation of the care plan, the result of the evaluation should include:
Discharge and Home Care GuidelinesCare for a child with ADHD at home includes:
Practice Quiz: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderHere are some practice questions for this study guide. Please visit our nursing test bank page for more NCLEX practice questions. 1. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is prescribed to an 8-year-old child for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The nurse will most likely monitor which of the following during the medication therapy? A. Deep tendon reflex. 1. Answer: D. Height and weight.
2. Nurse Daya, a school nurse, is meeting with the school and health treatment team about a child who has been receiving methylphenidate (Ritalin) two (2) months. The meeting is to evaluate the results of the child’s medication use. Which behavior change noted by the teacher will help determine the medication’s effectiveness. A. Decrease repetitive behaviors 2. Answer: D. Increased ability to concentrate on tasks.
3. The school nurse assesses Brook, a child newly diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Which of the following symptoms are characteristic of the disorder? Select all that apply. A. Constant fidgeting and squirming 3. Answer: A, C, D, and F. Constant fidgeting and squirming, difficulty paying attention to details, easily distracted, and talking constantly, even when inappropriate.
4. Which of the following statements about ADHD in children is false? A. Black parents tend to be less sure of potential causes of and treatments for ADHD than white parents, and they are less likely to connect ADHD to their child’s school experiences. B. Because of its frequent genetic etiology, ADHD in a child is likely foreshadowed by ADHD in other family members. C. The chances of successful treatment are adversely affected if the parent responsible for implementing the treatment has untreated ADHD. D. More than 40% of respondents in the recent National Stigma Study-Children (NSS-C) believe that children will face rejection in school for receiving mental health treatment and that negative ramifications will continue into adulthood. More than half expected psychiatric medications to cause a zombie-like effect. E. The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD suggests that pharmacological treatment of ADHD is as effective as behavioral therapy alone. 4. Answer: E. The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD suggests that pharmacological treatment of ADHD is as effective as behavioral therapy alone.
5. A nurse may encounter children with mental disorders. Her knowledge of these various disorders is vital. When planning school interventions for a child with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a guide to remember is to: A. Provide as much structure as possible for the child. 5. Answer: A. provide as much structure as possible for the child.
What are the nursing considerations for methylphenidate?Nursing Considerations Across the Lifespan
Methylphenidate is typically prescribed to patients over the age of 6. It should be avoided in patients with known structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm arrhythmias, or coronary artery disease.
What are the side effects of methylphenidate?What side effects can this medication cause?. nervousness.. irritability.. difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.. dizziness.. nausea.. vomiting.. loss of appetite.. weight loss.. What is the mechanism of action of methylphenidate in ADHD?Methylphenidate (MPH) non-competitively blocks the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline into the terminal by blocking dopamine transporter (DAT) and noradrenaline transporter (NAT), increasing levels of dopamine and noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft.
What can I monitor with methylphenidate?Patients for whom methylphenidate treatment is deemed appropriate should be carefully monitored as follows: Blood pressure should be recorded at every dose adjustment and then at least every six months; pulse should also be recorded. Height, weight and appetite should be recorded at least every six months.
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